Question 1

Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky, language serves as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes as it allows individuals to communicate, think symbolically, and develop more complex mental functions. Vygotsky believed that language is critical for cognitive development because it provides a tool for thought and enables individuals to regulate their own behavior through self-talk.

Question 2

With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives,preschoolers who experience the __________ style recall __________ information about past events.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative style questions, which prompt children to provide detailed descriptions, explanations, and reasoning related to past events, have been found to be more effective than repetitive questions in eliciting detailed autobiographical narratives from preschoolers. Children who experience an elaborative style recall more information about past events.

Question 3

With age,preschoolers __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that preschoolers gain steadily in their ability to inhibit impulses and focus on a competing goal as they age.

Question 4

Which statement about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan is true?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that parents who encourage children to plan and carry out their activities can help them develop planning skills. Additionally, young preschoolers may struggle with adjusting their plans to fit task requirements, and while they may learn some from directions for playing games, they still have much to learn about planning. However, it is not accurate to say that preschoolers are completely incapable of planning, as they may be able to plan for familiar and simple tasks.

Question 5

Over spring vacation,Prachi goes to Disney World with her family.When she returns to school,Prachi excitedly tells her teacher about the trip.Prachi's representation of this personally meaningful,one-time event is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

An autobiographical memory refers to a memory of a personal event or experience that is significant to an individual. Prachi's description of her trip to Disney World would be considered an autobiographical memory as it is a representation of a personally meaningful, one-time event.

Question 6

Itzel,a Yucatec Mayan preschooler,is hungry.She is most likely to __________.

Accepted Answer

In many indigenous cultures, including the Yucatec Maya, children are often encouraged to be autonomous and make decisions for themselves, including when and how much to eat.

Question 7

Preschoolers who spend more time engaged in __________ play are better at inhibiting impulses and regulating emotions.

Accepted Answer

Sociodramatic play involves make-believe and imaginary scenarios where children have to take on different roles, negotiate with peers, and regulate their emotions and impulses, making it an ideal activity to develop these skills. The other choices do not necessarily require the same level of social and emotional engagement.

Question 8

When putting together a puzzle with her son,Mim selects a puzzle that is slightly too difficult for him to put together alone and adjusts the support offered to her son to fit his current level of performance.Mim is engaging in __________.

Accepted Answer

Mim is adjusting the support offered to her son to fit his current level of performance, which is the essence of scaffolding - providing temporary assistance that enables the learner to accomplish a task that they would not be able to complete on their own. Dual representation refers to the ability to mentally represent an object or concept in multiple ways (e.g., as a picture or a word), proximal teaching refers to guiding a learner's actions in the immediate environment, and discovery learning is an approach to instruction in which learners construct their own knowledge through exploration and inquiry. None of these descriptions fit the situation described in the question as well as scaffolding.

Question 9

Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because they __________.

Accepted Answer

The sentence mentions that preschoolers with good language skills "recall poorly," which suggests they are not skilled at using memory strategies.

Question 10

Four-year-old Brigid is likely to use more __________ when she is confused about how to proceed.

Accepted Answer

Private speech, or talking aloud to oneself, is common among young children and is thought to help them organize their thoughts and make sense of information. When Brigid is confused about what to do, she may use more private speech to help herself figure out a solution. Animistic thinking and magical thinking are both types of illogical reasoning that young children may use, but they are not specifically linked to confusion about how to proceed. Hierarchical classification refers to the ability to group objects into categories based on shared characteristics and is not directly related to responding to confusion.

Question 11

Yucatec Mayan parents __________ their preschoolers.

Accepted Answer

Yucatec Mayan parents are known for their less interactive approach with preschoolers, often engaging in practical activities around them but rarely conversing or playing directly with their children.

Question 12

Vygotsky saw __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that make-believe play provided an ideal context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood because it allows children to engage in activities that are beyond their current level of understanding and to participate in social interactions that support their development of language, problem-solving skills, and self-regulation. In make-believe play, children also learn to take on different roles, perspectives, and emotions, which helps them to develop empathy and a deeper understanding of the social world around them.

Question 13

Vygotsky's theory __________.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in the development of cognitive skills, highlighting how these factors lead to variations in cognitive development across different cultures.

Question 14

At Plymouth Elementary,first- through third-graders learn in a multiage classroom where children of varying ages and abilities work in groups,teaching and helping one another.This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of __________.

Accepted Answer

The multiage classroom at Plymouth Elementary emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of peer collaboration, where children of varying ages and abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another.

Question 15

Dr.Kahng shows a group of preschoolers a tray with a set of 10 familiar items.She then takes the tray out of the room and asks the children to name the items they saw.Dr.Kahng is testing __________.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Kahng is testing the children's recall memory because she is asking them to recall what they saw on the tray after it was taken out of the room. Recognition memory would involve showing the children the same tray and asking them to identify which items they had seen before. Sustained attention and episodic memory are not being tested in this scenario.

Question 16

In Malaya's preschool classroom,teachers guide children's learning,tailoring their interventions to each child's zone of proximal development.This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of __________.

Accepted Answer

The Vygotskian principle of assisted discovery refers to guiding children's learning by tailoring interventions to their zone of proximal development. This principle is emphasized in Malaya's preschool classroom, where teachers guide children's learning in this manner. The other principles mentioned (discovery learning, active participation, and peer collaboration) may also be present in the classroom, but the question specifically asks for the Vygotskian principle emphasized.

Question 17

When asked to tell what happens in a restaurant,3-year-old Alexander says,"You go in,sit down,get food,eat,and pay." Alexander is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Alexander's response of "you go in, sit down, get food, eat, and pay" indicates that he is recalling a common sequence of events that typically occur in a restaurant, which is known as a script. A script is a schema that individuals use to comprehend and organize experiences that occur regularly in everyday life.

Question 18

Compared with school-age children,preschoolers __________.

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers are more easily distracted than school-age children. This is because they have shorter attention spans and are still developing their ability to focus and concentrate on a task. They may also have a shorter tolerance for boredom, which can lead them to seek out new and interesting things to do or lose interest in an activity more quickly.

Question 19

According to Vygotksy,children's learning takes place __________.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that children's learning takes place within the zone of proximal development, which is the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with the guidance and support of a more knowledgeable other. This means that children learn best when they are given tasks that are just beyond their current level of understanding or ability, but that they can still achieve with some assistance. Learning through independent activity, reinforcement and punishment, or primarily through acting on the environment are not central to Vygotsky's theory of learning.

Question 20

Guided participation __________.

Accepted Answer

Guided participation is a broader concept than scaffolding, as it encompasses a range of activities and interactions that support learning. It involves more than just verbal presentation of knowledge, and can be spontaneous or more structured. Additionally, guided participation can vary across different situations and cultures, as it is influenced by various factors such as social norms and expectations. Therefore, option D - "allows for variations across situations and cultures" - is the correct answer.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood