Question 1

Gains in perspective taking permit the transition to __________.
A) parallel play
B) solitary play
C) rule-oriented games
D) informal outdoor play

Accepted Answer

Perspective taking involves understanding the viewpoints and emotions of others, which is essential for playing rule-oriented games where understanding and following rules is key. Parallel play refers to playing alongside others without interaction, while solitary play is playing alone. Informal outdoor play may not necessarily require perspective taking skills.

Question 2

Children's cognitive maps show that school-age children's understanding of __________ is more accurate than that of preschoolers.
A) space
B) time
C) quantity
D) categories

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that school-age children have a more accurate understanding of space, such as distances between places and the layout of a room, compared to preschoolers. This is due to the continued development of their brain and cognitive abilities over time. While preschoolers may have a basic understanding of space, their cognitive maps may not be as detailed or accurate as those of school-age children.

Question 3

A concrete operational child can __________ mentally,an ability called __________.
A) conserve; seriation
B) seriate; transitive inference
C) classify; decentration
D) reverse; class inclusion

Accepted Answer

A concrete operational child can seriate mentally, an ability called transitive inference. This stage, identified by Piaget, involves the ability to understand that if A is greater than B, and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C, which is crucial for understanding sequences and order.

Question 4

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but also reduce the emphasis placed on __________ and instead emphasize __________.
A) individual effort; grades
B) individual exercise; diet and nutritional information
C) competitive sports; informal games and individual exercise
D) informal games and individual exercise; competitive sports

Accepted Answer

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but also reduce the emphasis placed on competitive sports and instead emphasize informal games and individual exercise. This is because focusing solely on competitive sports can be discouraging for some students and exclude others who may not be as skilled. Emphasizing informal games and individual exercise can make physical activity more accessible and enjoyable for all students, promoting lifelong healthy habits. Additionally, the emphasis on individual exercise can also help students understand the importance of maintaining a healthy diet and nutritional information.

Question 5

While playing in the park,Emmett and Cary wrestle,roll,hit,and run after one another.This friendly,rough-and-tumble play __________.
A) is a uniquely human social behavior
B) predicts aggressive behavior during adolescence
C) helps children form a dominance hierarchy
D) is more common among girls than among boys

Accepted Answer

Rough-and-tumble play, which includes wrestling, rolling, hitting, and running after one another in a friendly manner, is not unique to humans; it is observed in many animal species, particularly among young mammals. It does not predict aggressive behavior during adolescence; instead, it is a normal part of social development and helps children understand social boundaries, strength, and the concept of fair play. This type of play is more common among boys than among girls, contrary to what option D suggests. It is associated with the development of social hierarchies and understanding of social roles, which is why option C is correct.

Question 6

Which statement about children's map-making abilities is true?
A) Cultural frameworks influence children's map making.
B) Preschool children do not yet include landmarks on maps they draw.
C) By age 6, most children can accurately place stickers on a map to indicate landmarks.
D) By age 7, most children can give clear, well-organized instructions for getting from one place to another.

Accepted Answer

Cultural frameworks play a significant role in shaping children's understanding and construction of maps. Children's map-making abilities are influenced by cultural norms and values, such as the use of cardinal directions or landmarks in navigation.

Note: Choices B, C, and D are all incorrect. Research shows that preschoolers do include landmarks on maps they draw (B is incorrect). Additionally, while some 6-year-olds can accurately place stickers on a map, it is not true for most children (C is incorrect). Finally, while some 7-year-olds may be able to give clear directions, it is not yet a typical ability for most children at that age (D is incorrect).

Question 7

One valid criticism of youth sports is that __________.
A) participation in organized sports often results in psychological damage to children
B) they substitute adult control for children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies
C) participation in community athletic teams is the leading cause of childhood injury
D) they often interfere with schoolwork and can cause a sharp decline in academic achievement

Accepted Answer

Youth sports often prioritize adult control and adherence to strict rules over children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies. This can limit creativity and problem-solving skills in young athletes.

Question 8

For most children,joining community athletic teams is associated with __________.
A) decreased self-esteem
B) increased impulsivity
C) increased social skills
D) decreased physical fitness

Accepted Answer

Joining community athletic teams is associated with increased social skills. Children have the opportunity to interact with peers on a regular basis, learn teamwork and communication skills, and develop friendships. This can lead to increased sociability and confidence in social situations. Research has also shown that participation in sports can have positive effects on mental health, such as reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Question 9

Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's __________ stage,which extends from about 7 to 11 years.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Accepted Answer

Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's concrete operational stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years. In this stage, children are able to think logically about concrete events and perform basic mental operations involving tangible objects. They also become less egocentric and are better able to understand the perspectives and feelings of others.

Question 10

When presented with Piaget's conservation tasks,9-year-old Ramon demonstrates reversibility.This means that Ramon can __________.
A) focus on several aspects of a problem and then center on just one
B) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
C) order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
D) focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time

Accepted Answer

Reversibility is the ability to mentally reverse a series of steps, which is demonstrated in Piaget's conservation tasks. Therefore, Ramon can think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction.

Question 11

Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends.Playing these child-invented games allows Nadia to __________.
A) play without any rules and increase her popularity
B) make sure her friends notice her physical superiority
C) compete against her friends and establish a dominance hierarchy
D) try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk

Accepted Answer

By making up games and playing them with her friends, Nadia can try out different styles of cooperating and competing without much personal risk. This helps her develop her social skills and understand different ways of working with others. Playing child-invented games does not necessarily involve playing without rules, aiming to increase popularity, or establishing a dominance hierarchy.

Question 12

Margerite passed Piaget's class inclusion problem.This indicates that Margerite can __________.
A) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
B) focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time
C) solve problems using abstract reasoning
D) order items along a quantitative dimension

Accepted Answer

The class inclusion problem involves understanding the relationship between a general category (e.g. "flowers") and specific categories within it (e.g. "roses" and "daisies"). Margerite's success in this task suggests that she is capable of simultaneously considering these relations, indicating cognitive development in the area of hierarchical classification. However, this task does not necessarily require abstract reasoning (option C), mental reversibility (option A), or quantitative ordering (option D).

Question 13

During a conservation-of-water experiment,8-year-old Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them,rather than centering on just one aspect.Therefore,Emme is capable of __________.
A) seriation
B) class inclusion
C) reversibility
D) decentration

Accepted Answer

Emme's ability to focus on multiple aspects of the problem indicates that she has developed decentration, which means that she can consider multiple aspects of a situation rather than just one. Seriation refers to the ability to arrange objects in a logical order, class inclusion refers to understanding that an object can belong to multiple categories, and reversibility refers to understanding that actions can be reversed. While these abilities may also be important in some problem-solving situations, they are not directly related to Emme's ability to focus on multiple aspects of the conservation-of-water experiment.

Question 14

To test for __________,Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.
A) classification
B) decentration
C) reversibility
D) seriation

Accepted Answer

The concept being tested in this scenario is seriation, which is the ability to arrange objects in a logical order based on a particular dimension, such as length or weight. Therefore, the correct answer is D) seriation.

Question 15

During middle childhood,child-invented games usually involve __________.
A) a sizable element of luck
B) analytical intelligence
C) competition and adult control
D) aggressive behavior

Accepted Answer

Child-invented games during middle childhood often involve a sizable element of luck. Children at this age have not yet fully developed their analytical intelligence, and their games tend to be less competitive and more collaborative than those of older children. Additionally, aggressive behavior is not typically a component of child-invented games.

Question 16

In a study comparing map-making skills of 12-year-olds in small cities in India and the United States,the Indian children represented more __________ than the American children.
A) space
B) main streets
C) key directions
D) features of social life

Accepted Answer

Indian children included more features of social life in their maps compared to American children, reflecting cultural differences in what is considered important or noteworthy in their environments.

Question 17

Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son,Bobby,prints using large letters and numbers.Bobby's writing is large because he __________.
A) cannot yet visually distinguish fine details
B) has not yet developed adequate depth perception
C) makes strokes with his entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers
D) can only use his wrist and fingers to form the letters and numbers

Accepted Answer

At the age of 6, Bobby is likely still in the stage of gross motor development where he uses larger movements, such as using his entire arm, to make marks on paper. This is a normal part of development and as he continues to develop his fine motor skills, he will gradually use smaller movements and produce smaller letters and numbers.

Question 18

Which statement about gross-motor development in middle childhood is accurate?
A) Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are physically less pliable and elastic.
B) Preschoolers can propel themselves farther off the ground when running than school-age children.
C) During middle childhood, the capacity to react only to relevant information decreases.
D) Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are more agile and have better balance.

Accepted Answer

Gross-motor development advances in middle childhood, with children becoming more agile and having better balance than preschoolers. they move with greater ease and control, are less pliable, and are less prone to elasticity.

Question 19

__________ plays a larger role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority.
A) Boys' greater muscle mass
B) The social environment
C) Girls' higher fat-to-muscle ratio
D) Girls' lack of coordination

Accepted Answer

The social environment plays a larger role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority because societal expectations and encouragement often lead boys to engage more in physical activities that develop these skills.

Question 20

Which child is particularly susceptible to injury in middle childhood?
A) Fernando, who is shy and moderately active
B) Luz, who is impulsive and highly active
C) June, who is quiet and inactive
D) Diana, who is strong in self-regulation

Accepted Answer

Children who are highly active and impulsive are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and have accidents during middle childhood.

Quiz 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Gains in perspective taking permit the transition to __________.

Children's cognitive maps show that school-age children's understanding of __________ is more accurate than that of preschoolers.

A concrete operational child can mentally,an ability called .

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but also reduce the emphasis placed on and instead emphasize .

While playing in the park,Emmett and Cary wrestle,roll,hit,and run after one another.This friendly,rough-and-tumble play __________.

Which statement about children's map-making abilities is true?

One valid criticism of youth sports is that __________.

For most children,joining community athletic teams is associated with __________.

Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's __________ stage,which extends from about 7 to 11 years.

When presented with Piaget's conservation tasks,9-year-old Ramon demonstrates reversibility.This means that Ramon can __________.

Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends.Playing these child-invented games allows Nadia to __________.

Margerite passed Piaget's class inclusion problem.This indicates that Margerite can __________.

During a conservation-of-water experiment,8-year-old Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them,rather than centering on just one aspect.Therefore,Emme is capable of __________.

To test for __________,Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.

During middle childhood,child-invented games usually involve __________.

In a study comparing map-making skills of 12-year-olds in small cities in India and the United States,the Indian children represented more __________ than the American children.

Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son,Bobby,prints using large letters and numbers.Bobby's writing is large because he __________.

Which statement about gross-motor development in middle childhood is accurate?

__________ plays a larger role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority.

Which child is particularly susceptible to injury in middle childhood?