Question 1

An important characteristic of unhealthy life-styles is that they have reinforcing consequences in the short run but damaging consequences in the long run.

Accepted Answer

Unhealthy lifestyles often provide immediate gratification or relief, which reinforces the behavior, but over time, they lead to negative health outcomes.

Question 2

A contributing cause of chronic heart disease is high-density lipoprotein, a form of serum cholesterol.

Accepted Answer

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Question 3

On average, a program of moderate exercise is related to increased longevity.

Accepted Answer

Moderate exercise has been consistently linked with a variety of health benefits, including increased longevity, due to its positive effects on cardiovascular health, immune function, and overall physical and mental well-being.

Question 4

Imitation plays a role in causing teenagers to begin smoking, especially if the model they are imitating is appealing to them.

Accepted Answer

Teenagers often imitate behaviors they observe in role models or peers, especially if those individuals are appealing or influential to them. Smoking is no exception, as teens may start smoking to emulate someone they admire or to fit in with a certain group.

Question 5

The prevalence of smoking in Canada is highest among males who are between the ages of 20 and 24.

Accepted Answer

In Canada, smoking rates are typically higher among young adults, particularly males aged 20-24, due to lifestyle factors and social influences.

Question 6

The human body begins its recovery from the negative effects of cigarette smoking within 20 minutes after the last puff of a cigarette.

Accepted Answer

Within 20 minutes after quitting smoking, the body begins a series of changes that continue for years, starting with the heart rate and blood pressure dropping to more normal levels.

Question 7

Smoking prevention programs in early adolescence appear to have no long-term impact in reducing smoking levels.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that smoking prevention programs in early adolescence can have a long-term impact in reducing smoking levels by educating young people about the risks of smoking and providing them with skills to resist social pressures to smoke.

Question 8

In terms of the social consequences of alcohol consumption, research has shown that it plays a role in reducing conflicts in romantic relationships.

Accepted Answer

Research generally indicates that alcohol consumption can increase the likelihood of conflicts and aggression in romantic relationships, rather than reducing them.

Question 9

Less than 10% of HIV infections in Canada occur through heterosexual contact.

Accepted Answer

As of the latest data, heterosexual contact accounts for a significant portion of HIV infections in Canada, with estimates suggesting that heterosexual contact is responsible for more than 10% of new HIV infections. This reflects a broader trend where HIV transmission through heterosexual contact has been recognized as a significant route of infection globally, including in Canada.

Question 10

One goal that all STD and AIDS prevention programs have in common is to encourage women to use birth control pills.

Accepted Answer

STD and AIDS prevention programs focus on promoting safe sex practices, such as the use of condoms, rather than specifically encouraging the use of birth control pills, which do not protect against STDs or AIDS.

Question 11

One of the conditions that leads to fear of contagion is it must have no apparent explanation.

Accepted Answer

Fear of contagion often arises when an illness or condition lacks a clear, understandable explanation, leading to uncertainty and anxiety about its transmission and effects.

Question 12

An essential component of self-control, according to Rachlin and Ainslie, is willpower.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An essential component of self-control, according to...

Question 13

The most effective form of self-control is to avoid having to make the decision between choosing the long-term reward or the short-term reward when the value of the short-term reward is greater than that of the long-term reward.

Accepted Answer

Avoiding the need to make a decision between short-term and long-term rewards by removing the temptation or choice altogether is often more effective than relying on willpower in the moment, as it prevents the immediate, often more appealing short-term rewards from undermining long-term goals.

Question 14

Stressors are patterns of physiological, behavioural, and emotional responses to real or imagined stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Stressors are external stimuli or events that cause stress, while the patterns of physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses are referred to as stress responses.

Question 15

The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome involves arousal of the autonomic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, known as the alarm reaction stage, involves the immediate reaction of the body to a stressor, during which the autonomic nervous system is aroused, leading to the release of stress hormones and activation of the body's fight or flight response.

Question 16

The fight-or-flight response can be useful and adaptive if experienced over long periods of time.

Accepted Answer

The fight-or-flight response is designed for short-term survival in acute situations; prolonged activation can lead to chronic stress, negatively impacting health.

Question 17

Cortisol is one example of a glucocorticoid.

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands and is classified as a glucocorticoid, which plays a role in glucose metabolism, immune response, and stress response.

Question 18

The most harmful effects of stress include high blood pressure, damage to muscle tissue, and suppression of the immune system.

Accepted Answer

Chronic stress can lead to a variety of health issues including high blood pressure, damage to muscle tissue due to constant tension, and suppression of the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.

Question 19

According to Lazarus, our perception of a stressor largely determines the stress we experience.

Accepted Answer

Lazarus proposed that stress is experienced based on an individual's cognitive appraisal of a situation, meaning how a person perceives and interprets a stressor is crucial in determining the level of stress they experience.

Question 20

The two stages of cognitive appraisal are, in order, evaluation of the stressor and assessment of our ability to cope with the stressor.

Accepted Answer

The two stages of cognitive appraisal, as proposed by Lazarus and Folkman in their stress and coping theory, are indeed the primary appraisal, where the stressor is evaluated, and the secondary appraisal, where the individual assesses their ability to cope with the stressor.

Quiz 16: Lifestyle, Stress, and Health