Question 1

Where was the Alma-Ata Declaration signed?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration was signed in Alma-Ata, which is the former name of Almaty, a city in Kazakhstan.

Question 2

What did the Alma-Ata Declaration state about the right to health?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration, adopted in 1978, emphasized that health is a fundamental human right and that governments have a responsibility to ensure that everyone has access to adequate healthcare.

Question 3

What did the Alma-Ata Declaration focus on as the appropriate method of assuming adequate access to healthcare for all?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration emphasized primary health care as the key to achieving adequate access to healthcare for all, highlighting its importance in ensuring universal health coverage.

Question 4

What is the definition of primary health care according to the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration defines primary health care as a comprehensive approach that includes curative, preventive, and promotive care, and emphasizes the integration of healthcare across all sectors to address the broader determinants of health.

Question 5

What was the Alma-Ata Declaration's goal for the year 2000?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration aimed to achieve "Health for All by the Year 2000," focusing on providing adequate healthcare access to everyone.

Question 6

What did the Alma-Ata Declaration state about health personnel?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration emphasized the need for health personnel to be trained comprehensively in all aspects of primary health care, not just curative care, to ensure effective delivery of health services.

Question 7

What is the underlying principle of the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration emphasizes that health is a fundamental human right and that achieving the highest possible level of health is a worldwide social goal.

Question 8

What impact did the Alma-Ata Declaration have on healthcare systems around the world?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emphasized primary healthcare as essential for achieving "Health for All" and inspired many countries to focus on comprehensive, accessible, and people-centered healthcare systems.

Question 9

What is the ultimate goal of the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Accepted Answer

The Alma-Ata Declaration aims to achieve "Health for All" by promoting primary health care as the key to attaining universal health coverage and improving health outcomes globally.

Question 10

Which of the following sentence/s could best describe/s Endemic health problem?

Accepted Answer

An endemic health problem refers to the consistent presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease within a specific geographic area.

Question 11

People with asthma were 3.6 times as likely as people without asthma to own a cat. What measure of association does this statement describe?

Accepted Answer

The statement describes an odds ratio, which is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome, indicating how much more likely the exposure is to be present in cases compared to controls.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is Incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies are observational and provide a snapshot of a population at a single point in time, making it difficult to establish causality.

Question 13

Which of the following is a measure of association in a case control study?

Accepted Answer

The odds ratio is a measure of association commonly used in case-control studies to estimate the strength of the association between an exposure and an outcome.

Question 14

A double blind randomized controlled trail was performed to assess the effect of vitamins on preventing cardiovascular diseases. 250 were given vitamins while 285 were not. Among those who have been given vitamins, 85 developed the disease while only 40 did not develop the disease from those who were not given the vitamins. Please calculate the relative risk (RR) for vitamin intake compared to non-vitamin intake:

Accepted Answer

Relative risk = (85/250) / (40/285) = 0.39

Question 15

John established a study to investigate the association between smoking and lung cancer. He assigned two groups; one is exposed to smoking and the other is not exposed to smoking. The two groups were followed over time to investigate the incidence of lung cancer. This study is:

Accepted Answer

This study is a cohort study because it involves following two groups over time to observe the incidence of lung cancer based on their exposure to smoking.

Question 16

All of the following can be considered as non-communicable disease EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Malaria is a communicable disease, while high blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes are non-communicable diseases.

Question 17

These studies allow to measure the effect of aggregate measures of exposure when measurement are not available at individual level or difficult to obtain?

Accepted Answer

Ecological studies use aggregate data to assess exposure effects when individual-level data is unavailable or hard to collect.

Question 18

Public health surveillance is?

Accepted Answer

Public health surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. It is used to guide public health decisions and evaluate public health programs.

Question 19

Which of the following statement/s would best describe/s the outbreak?

Accepted Answer

An outbreak is defined as the occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time.

Question 20

If the relative risk value is less than one then this indicates that?

Accepted Answer

A relative risk value less than one indicates that the exposed group has a lower risk of developing the health event compared to the non-exposed group, suggesting a protective effect.

Quiz 1: Public Health