Question 1

A double blind randomised controlled trail was performed to assess the effect of vitamins on preventing cardiovascular diseases. 250 were given vitamins while 285 were not. Among those who have been given vitamins, 85 developed the disease while only 40 did not develop the disease from those who were not given the vitamins. Please calculate the risk difference (RD) or attributed risk (AR) for vit-intake compared to non-vit-intake?

Accepted Answer

The risk difference (RD) is calculated as the risk in the exposed group minus the risk in the unexposed group. The risk in the vitamin group is 85/250 = 0.34, and the risk in the non-vitamin group is 245/285 = 0.86. Therefore, RD = 0.34 - 0.86 = -0.52.

Question 2

Which of the following statement/s is/are best describing descriptive epidemiology studies?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive epidemiology studies focus on understanding the distribution of diseases by answering questions like who is affected and where the disease is prevalent.

Question 3

The proportion of exposed persons who become infected after exposure to a certain agent can be defined as?

Accepted Answer

Infectivity refers to the ability of an agent to establish an infection, which is measured by the proportion of exposed persons who become infected.

Question 4

Which of the following statement/s is/are best describing the objectives of public health surveillance?

Accepted Answer

Public health surveillance aims to set priorities for health planning, assess public health status, and provide and interpret data to facilitate disease prevention and control, making all the options correct.

Question 5

A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each vaccine, is an example of which type of study?

Accepted Answer

This study is a randomized controlled trial because participants are randomly assigned to different groups to compare the effects of the new vaccine versus the current one.

Question 6

From healthcare provider to health department?

Accepted Answer

Passive surveillance involves the routine reporting of health data from healthcare providers to health departments.

Question 7

Epidemiology is defined as?

Accepted Answer

Epidemiology is the study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population, focusing on patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions.

Question 8

Which of the following is a measure of association in a cohort study?

Accepted Answer

Relative risk is a measure of association used in cohort studies to compare the risk of an outcome in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to randomized controlled trial?

Accepted Answer

Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard of study designs because they provide the strongest evidence for the effectiveness of an intervention.

Question 10

Which of the following is an advantage of a cohort study?

Accepted Answer

Cohort studies can establish temporal sequencing because they follow participants over time, allowing researchers to observe the order of events and determine potential causal relationships.

Question 11

The control group in RCT may receive?

Accepted Answer

In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), the control group can receive no treatment, a placebo, or a standard treatment, depending on the study design.

Question 12

Which of the following diseases does not currently present a significant health challenge in Palestine?

Accepted Answer

HIV/AIDS does not currently present a significant health challenge in Palestine compared to other diseases like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.

Question 13

Temporal relationship means that?

Accepted Answer

A temporal relationship means that the exposure must occur before the outcome, establishing a cause-and-effect sequence.

Question 14

If you want to know the proportion of the disease that could be prevented by eliminating the exposure in the entire study population, you should calculate the?

Accepted Answer

Population attributable risk measures the proportion of the disease in the entire population that could be prevented if the exposure were eliminated.

Question 15

Epidemiology cannot study any health event in a specified population.

Accepted Answer

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in specified populations, making it capable of studying any health event within a population.

Question 16

In ecological study, associations on population levels might reflect associations on individual levels .

Accepted Answer

This is known as the ecological fallacy, where associations observed at the population level do not necessarily hold true at the individual level.

Question 17

When the disease is maintained in the population without the needs for external outputs, it is referred to as?

Accepted Answer

An endemic disease is one that is consistently present in a population or region without needing external inputs to sustain its presence.

Question 18

Used to generate hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Ecological studies are often used to generate hypotheses because they examine the relationships between exposure and outcome at the population level, which can suggest potential associations for further investigation.

Question 19

Investigate if rate of Asthma is higher in cities with higher level of air pollution, is an example on?

Accepted Answer

An ecological study investigates the relationship between exposure and outcome at the population or community level, such as examining the correlation between air pollution levels and asthma rates in different cities.

Question 20

Modern epidemiology started with?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Modern epidemiology started with?
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Quiz 1: Public Health