Question 1

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of reversible cell injury?
A) Reduced oxidative phosphorylation
B) ATP depletion
C) Cellular shrinking
D) Changes in ion concentrations
E) Water inﬂux

Accepted Answer

Cellular shrinking is not characteristic of reversible cell injury; instead, cell swelling is typically observed due to water influx and changes in ion concentrations.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
A) Necrosis, which is always pathologic or apoptosis
B) Intracellular accumulations (e.g. lipids) or calciﬁcation
C) Structural changes (e.g. mitochondrial densities)
D) Profound disturbances in membrane function
E) Adaptable mitochondrial dysfunction

Accepted Answer

Adaptable mitochondrial dysfunction is not a characteristic of irreversible cell injury; it suggests that the cell can still recover, which is a feature of reversible injury. Irreversible injury involves permanent damage, such as profound membrane disturbances and structural changes.

Question 3

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description):
-Chronic irritation (chemical or physical)
A) Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Injury/Necrosis/Apoptosis
E) Calcifications/Intracellular accumulations

Accepted Answer

Chronic irritation often leads to metaplasia, where one type of cell is replaced by another type better suited to withstand the stress.

Question 4

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description):
-Increased demand, increased trophic stimulation
A) Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Injury/Necrosis/Apoptosis
E) Calcifications/Intracellular accumulations

Accepted Answer

Increased demand and increased trophic stimulation typically lead to hyperplasia (increase in cell number) and hypertrophy (increase in cell size) as the cells adapt to meet the new functional requirements.

Question 5

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description):
-Reduced oxygen supply, chemical injury, infection
A) Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Injury/Necrosis/Apoptosis
E) Calcifications/Intracellular accumulations

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen supply, chemical injury, and infection typically lead to cell injury, necrosis, or apoptosis.

Question 6

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description):
-Metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired
A) Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Injury/Necrosis/Apoptosis
E) Calcifications/Intracellular accumulations

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alterations, whether genetic or acquired, often lead to intracellular accumulations or calcifications as the cell's metabolic processes are disrupted, leading to the buildup of substances.

Question 7

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description):
-Decreased nutrients, stimulation
A) Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Injury/Necrosis/Apoptosis
E) Calcifications/Intracellular accumulations

Accepted Answer

Decreased nutrients and stimulation typically lead to atrophy, which is the reduction in cell size and function due to the lack of resources or stimulation.

Question 8

Which of the following describes hyperplasia?
A) Increase in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue
B) Decrease in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue
C) Increase in individual cell size in an organ or tissue
D) Decrease in individual cell size in an organ or tissue
E) Reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, typically due to increased cell division (mitosis).

Question 9

Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors acting on target cells. If a patient had hyperplasia of the endometrium, which of the following is the most likely?
A) Increased risk of miscarriage
B) Decreased risk of miscarriage
C) Increased risk of endometrial cancer
D) Decreased risk of endometrial cancer
E) Increased risk of neurologic disease

Accepted Answer

Endometrial hyperplasia is often due to excessive estrogen stimulation and can lead to an increased risk of endometrial cancer if left untreated.

Question 10

Infection from which of the following is associated with hyperplasia?
A) Papillomavirus
B) Enterobacteria
C) Staphylococci
D) Streptococci
E) Hook worms

Accepted Answer

Papillomavirus infection is associated with hyperplasia, as it can cause the proliferation of epithelial cells, leading to warts and other growths.

Question 11

Which of the following describes hypertrophy?
A) Increase in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue
B) Decrease in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue
C) Increase in individual cell size in an organ or tissue
D) Decrease in individual cell size in an organ or tissue
E) Reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of individual cells, leading to an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.

Question 12

In the heart, the stimulus for hypertrophy is usually chronic hemodynamic overload, resulting from either hypertension or faulty valves. During cardiac muscle hypertrophy, ____ myosin heavy chains are replaced by ____myosin heavy chains, which leads to ____ ATPase activity and a slower, more efficient contraction.
A) !;"; Increased
B) !;"; Decreased
C) ";!; Increased
D) ";!; Decreased

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the heart, the stimulus for hypertrophy...

Question 13

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) serves to reduce hemodynamic load. In the embryonic heart, the gene for ANF is expressed in both the atrium and the ventricle. After birth, _____expression of the gene is down regulated. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a(n) _________ of ANF gene expression.
A) Atrial; Decrease
B) Atrial; Increase
C) Ventricular; Decrease
D) Ventricular; Increase

Accepted Answer

In the embryonic heart, ANF is expressed in both atria and ventricles, but after birth, its expression is downregulated in the ventricles. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with an increase in ANF gene expression.

Question 14

Which of the following types of atrophy is involved in marasmus?
A) Decreased workload
B) Loss of innervation
C) Diminished blood supply
D) Inadequate nutrition (protein-calorie)
E) Loss of endrocrine stimulation 
F) Aging (senile atrophy)
G) Pressure

Accepted Answer

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency, and it involves atrophy due to inadequate nutrition, specifically protein-calorie malnutrition.

Question 15

Which of the following types of atrophy is involved in ischemia?
A) Decreased workload
B) Loss of innervation
C) Diminished blood supply
D) Inadequate nutrition (protein-calorie)
E) Loss of endrocrine stimulation
F) Aging (senile atrophy)
G) Pressure

Accepted Answer

Ischemia refers to a reduced blood supply to tissues, leading to diminished oxygen and nutrient delivery, which can cause atrophy.

Question 16

Which of the following is associated with cachexia, seen in patients with chronic
Inﬂammatory diseases and cancer?
A) Decreased workload
B) Loss of innervation
C) Diminished blood supply
D) Inadequate nutrition (protein-calorie)
E) Loss of endrocrine stimulation
F) Aging (senile atrophy)
G) Pressure

Accepted Answer

Cachexia is a complex syndrome associated with underlying illness and characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass. It is often seen in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, primarily due to inadequate nutrition and metabolic changes.

Question 17

Which cellular organelle contains acid hydrolases (e.g. cathepsins) and other enzymes to degrade endocytosed proteins from the extracellular environment and the cell surface as well as some cellular components during atrophy?
A) Smooth ER
B) Rough ER
C) Golgi
D) Mitochondria
E) Lysosomes

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes contain acid hydrolases and other enzymes that break down endocytosed materials and cellular components.

Question 18

The 	-proteasome pathway is responsible for the degradation of many cytosolic
And nuclear proteins.
A) Ubiquitin
B) Ouabain
C) Angiotensin
D) Methionine
E) Decarboxylase

Accepted Answer

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway tags proteins with ubiquitin for degradation by the proteasome, a key process for regulating protein levels in cells.

Question 19

Which of the following opposes proteasome-mediated protein degradation?
A) Thyroid hormone
B) Cytokines
C) Glucocorticoids
D) Dexamethasone
E) Insulin

Accepted Answer

Insulin opposes proteasome-mediated protein degradation by promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting protein breakdown in cells.

Question 20

Atrophy may be accompanied by residual bodies, such as lipofuscin granules, which
Can turn tissue what color?
A) Yellow
B) Blue
C) Brown
D) White
E) Red

Accepted Answer

Lipofuscin granules are known to give tissues a brown color due to their pigment accumulation.

Quiz 1: Pathology

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of reversible cell injury?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of irreversible cell injury?

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description) : -Chronic irritation (chemical or physical)

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description) : -Increased demand, increased trophic stimulation

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description) : -Reduced oxygen supply, chemical injury, infection

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description) : -Metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description) : -Decreased nutrients, stimulation

Which of the following describes hyperplasia?

Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors acting on target cells. If a patient had hyperplasia of the endometrium, which of the following is the most likely?

Infection from which of the following is associated with hyperplasia?

Which of the following describes hypertrophy?

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) serves to reduce hemodynamic load. In the embryonic heart, the gene for ANF is expressed in both the atrium and the ventricle. After birth, _expression of the gene is down regulated. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a(n) _____ of ANF gene expression.

Which of the following types of atrophy is involved in marasmus?

Which of the following types of atrophy is involved in ischemia?

Which of the following is associated with cachexia, seen in patients with chronic Inﬂammatory diseases and cancer?

Which cellular organelle contains acid hydrolases (e.g. cathepsins) and other enzymes to degrade endocytosed proteins from the extracellular environment and the cell surface as well as some cellular components during atrophy?

The -proteasome pathway is responsible for the degradation of many cytosolic And nuclear proteins.

Which of the following opposes proteasome-mediated protein degradation?

Atrophy may be accompanied by residual bodies, such as lipofuscin granules, which Can turn tissue what color?