Question 1

Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye on his head when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror?

Accepted Answer

Adult chimpanzees have demonstrated self-recognition in mirror tests, such as the "mark test," where they touch marks on their bodies that they can only see in a mirror.

Question 2

Singelis (1994) administered his independence and interdependence questionnaire to students at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.He found that Asian-American students agreed more with such statements as "It is important to me to respect decisions made by the group" and "My happiness depends on the happiness of those around me" than did Caucasian-American students.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

The findings suggest that one's culture influences one's self-concept. The fact that Asian-American students scored higher on the interdependence scale compared to Caucasian-American students indicates that cultural values shape individuals' self-concept. This is consistent with the sociocultural perspective in psychology, which emphasizes the role of culture and socialization in shaping human behavior and mental processes. The other options are not supported by the findings or are not relevant to the question.

Question 3

Assume that when exposed to a mirror, chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g., to pick food from their teeth) and to entertain themselves by making faces.The chimps' behavior in front of the mirror would suggest that

Accepted Answer

The behavior of chimpanzees in front of a mirror suggests that they have a sense of "self," meaning they are aware of their own existence and can recognize themselves in reflection. This has been confirmed through various studies, including the famous mark test where researchers place a mark on the chimpanzee's face and observe if they react to it when looking in the mirror.

Question 4

Researchers briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror, the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps

Accepted Answer

The fact that the chimpanzees immediately touched the areas where the dye was applied indicates that they recognized their own reflection and understood that the reflection was a representation of themselves. This behavior is comparable to the self-recognition abilities of two-year-old humans, suggesting that chimpanzees have a sense of self-recognition. The other answer choices cannot be inferred from this experiment.

Question 5

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example, in Western cultures, people tend to have an ________ view of the self, whereas in non-Western cultures, people tend to have an ________ view of the self.

Accepted Answer

In Western cultures, individuals tend to prioritize their own needs and desires, leading to an independent view of the self. On the other hand, non-Western cultures tend to emphasize the importance of group harmony and social relationships, leading to an interdependent view of the self. Therefore, choice A accurately describes the cultural differences in views of the self.

Question 6

Whereas Americans have a proverb, "The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures

Accepted Answer

The Japanese proverb "The nail that stands out gets pounded down" reflects the importance of conformity and the interdependent concept of self in Japanese culture. This is consistent with research that has found that people in Asian cultures tend to have a collectivistic, interdependent self-concept, which emphasizes group harmony and conformity. This is in contrast to American culture, which tends to emphasize individualism and self-expression.

Question 7

Molly is eighteen years old, and has an eight-year-old brother, Joe.If they are both asked to answer the question, "Who am I?" Molly is likely to answer the question in ________ terms than Joe.

Accepted Answer

Molly, being older, is likely to have a more developed sense of identity and abstract thinking, leading her to answer in less concrete terms compared to her younger brother, Joe.

Question 8

The authors of your text explain four components of the self.Which of the following is NOT one of these four functions?

Accepted Answer

Self-justification is not typically considered one of the four components of the self, which usually include self-control, impression management, self-esteem, and self-knowledge.

Question 9

Consider the following self-description: "It's important to me to make others happy.I work hard to cooperate with others, and seldom get into arguments.My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n) ________ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following self-description: "It's important to...

Question 10

When people in Western cultures learn about the interdependent view of the self and people in Asian cultures learn of the independent view of the self, what is the typical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Many people have difficulty understanding how others could view the world in such a different way from their own cultural perspective. This can lead to confusion, misunderstandings, and even feelings of disbelief or invalidation towards the other culture's values and beliefs about the self.

Question 11

States that were settled ______ by European Americans tend to have a more independent view of the self.

Accepted Answer

States that were settled more recently by European Americans, such as those in the western United States, often have a culture that emphasizes independence and self-reliance.

Question 12

________ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts, feelings, and motives.

Accepted Answer

Introspection is the process of examining our inner thoughts, feelings, and motives. It involves looking inwardly and questioning our own mental processes. This technique is commonly used in psychology as a means of understanding human behavior and cognition. Self-actualization refers to the process of realizing one's full potential, implicit personality deals with unconscious traits that influence behavior, and self-examination is a more general term that could refer to a variety of introspective processes.

Question 13

Imagine you haven't seen a high school friend until your 25ᵗʰ reunion.Based on results from a recent study, which of the following changes would make you think the friend has become a "different person"?

Accepted Answer

The friend changing an aspect of their morality, such as becoming racist, would signal a significant shift in their values and beliefs, making them seem like a different person. The other options involve changes in appearance or memory, which may alter their demeanor but would not fundamentally change who they are as a person.

Question 14

Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair.I have two sisters.I hate vegetables, but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical

Accepted Answer

The self-description includes basic physical characteristics and a simple preference statement, which is typical of an eight-year-old child who is beginning to develop their sense of self and express their likes and dislikes. A two-year-old child would not yet have the language development to provide such a description, while an adult or high school student would likely provide a more complex self-description.

Question 15

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out ________ and gradually becomes ________ with increasing age.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists have found that young children's self-concept is concrete and based on observable characteristics like age and gender. As they grow older, their self-concept becomes more abstract and includes personality traits, values, and beliefs. This increasing complexity and abstraction of the self-concept continues throughout the lifespan. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 16

"My happiness depends on the happiness of those around me" and "I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects" are two items from Singelis's (1994) scale, which was designed to measure individual differences in

Accepted Answer

Singelis's (1994) scale was designed to measure individual differences in independence and interdependence, particularly in collectivist cultures. The two items mentioned in the question reflect interdependence, which is the dependence on others for social support and emotional well-being. This is a key characteristic of collectivist cultures, and therefore the scale is particularly relevant for measuring individual differences in these cultures. Thus, the best choice is D, independence and interdependence.

Question 17

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention ________, because they grew up in a(n) ________ culture.

Accepted Answer

In many Asian cultures, group membership and interdependence are highly valued, which may lead individuals to identify themselves in terms of their connectedness to others rather than their individual traits or accomplishments.

Question 18

According to the textbook, research on the development of the self-concept using the "red dye" test (placing a red dot on the forehead of the child and then showing the child his or her reflection in the mirror and seeing whether the child touches the red dot on the "baby in the mirror" or his or her own head) indicates that the self-concept in human infants develops at, on average, age

Accepted Answer

Research on the development of the self-concept using the "red dye" test indicates that the self-concept in human infants develops at, on average, age 18-24 months.

Question 19

Unique baby names are a sign of a(n) _______ self-construal.

Accepted Answer

Unique baby names are often chosen by parents who have an independent self-construal, which means they value personal uniqueness and standing out from the crowd. They may prioritize their own desires and preferences over what is expected or common in their social group. In contrast, those who have an interdependent self-construal prioritize harmony and fitting in with their social group, which may lead them to choose more common or traditional names.

Question 20

The authors of your text describe Masako Owada's decision to give up her career and marry the crown prince of Japan.Many Americans viewed her decision as to the result of coercion and sexism.How do many Japanese view her decision?

Accepted Answer

In Japan, family obligations and connections are highly valued and a person's decisions are often influenced by their relationships with others. Owada's decision to marry the crown prince can be seen as a natural consequence of being connected and obligated to others, rather than as a result of coercion or sexism. This view is shaped by cultural values and is different from the way many Americans view the situation.

Quiz 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context