Question 1

Juliet is Jewish, and is going on a date with a Catholic."Just don't bring up abortion-you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister.Juliet's sister is exhibiting the bias known as

Accepted Answer

Juliet's sister is assuming that all Catholics hold the same belief about abortion, which is an example of out-group homogeneity bias. This bias is when an individual perceives members of an out-group as being more similar to each other than they actually are.

Question 2

Cialdini and his colleagues (1976) counted the number of college insignia T-shirts worn by university students on the Monday after their teams played football.These researchers found that students were more likely to wear such shirts after victories than after losses.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

The fact that students were more likely to wear college insignia T-shirts after victories suggests that they had a sense of pride and self-esteem associated with their in-group (the university team).

Question 3

"Like them better." "Give more rewards to them." "Believe they are more pleasant." All these describe

Accepted Answer

These statements describe in-group members, meaning individuals who are perceived as part of one's own social group or category.

Question 4

Consider the following examples of prejudice: anti-Chinese prejudice in the United States after the transcontinental railroad was completed; anti-Mexican prejudice in the United States when agricultural jobs are scarce; anti-Turkish prejudice in Germany after reunification; anti-Arab and anti-Jew prejudice in the Middle East; and anti-immigrant prejudice during times of high unemployment.These examples best illustrate the ________ theory of prejudice.

Accepted Answer

The examples provided in the question all involve prejudice arising during periods of competition over resources or power, such as jobs or territory. This aligns with the principles of the realistic conflict theory, which suggests that prejudice arises as a result of competition between groups for limited resources or opportunities.

Question 5

When prejudiced people say, "They all look alike to me," they are illustrating the

Accepted Answer

The statement "They all look alike to me" is an example of out-group homogeneity bias, which is the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than members of one's own in-group. In this case, the prejudiced person sees all members of a particular group as interchangeable and indistinguishable, which is a result of their biased and limited perspective.

Question 6

________ refers to our tendency to view members of ________ as more similar to one another than they really are.

Accepted Answer

Out-group homogeneity refers to the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as all alike or homogenous, while in-group bias refers to favoritism shown towards one's own group over others. Out-group heterogeneity and in-group heterogeneity refer to the diversity or differences within one's own group or an out-group, respectively. Therefore, the best choice is C as it accurately describes the phenomenon in question.

Question 7

According to the justification-suppression model described by Crandall and Eshleman (2003) presented in your text, once a person is able to find valid justification for disliking a group, they are more likely to

Accepted Answer

According to the justification-suppression model, when a person is able to find valid justification for their prejudices, it suppresses their cognitive dissonance and allows them to act against the disliked group without feeling guilty. Therefore, the most likely outcome is that they will act against members of the group.

Question 8

According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination often follow from

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory proposes that prejudice and discrimination stem from limited resources and competition for those resources between different groups. As such, scarce resources are the root cause of intergroup conflict, leading to negative attitudes and behaviors towards out-group members. Negative stereotypes, losing out-group status, and frustration may exacerbate the situation but are not the primary cause of prejudice and discrimination.

Question 9

Research has shown that when fate (e.g., a flip of a coin) determines the allocation of rewards for completing a task, participants will often

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that when rewards are allocated by chance, individuals may rationalize the outcome by convincing themselves that the "loser" did not contribute equally or fairly to the task at hand. This cognitive bias helps them justify the unequal distribution of rewards.

Question 10

According to Crandall and Eshleman's (2003) model, people struggle with their urge to express prejudice and their

Accepted Answer

Crandall and Eshleman's model posits that people feel an urge to express prejudice, but also want to maintain a positive self-view and avoid being seen as a bigot. This internal conflict results in various defense mechanisms, such as denial or justification for the prejudiced behavior, in order to preserve a positive self-image.

Question 11

Researchers provided college student participants with a description of a woman's friendly behavior.In addition, some participants were told that the woman was raped by the man, whereas others were provided no such information.When participants judged the appropriateness of the woman's behavior,

Accepted Answer

The passage states that participants in the "rape" condition judged the woman's behavior as inappropriate. No information is provided to support options A, C, or D.

Question 12

Researchers showed rival Princeton and Rutgers students videotapes of decisions made by a male character.Half the time the character was allegedly from the participants' university, and half the time, he was from the rival university.Participants then predicted what percentage of students at that university would make a decision similar to the target's.In support of their "out-group homogeneity" hypothesis, Quattrone and Jones found that participants viewed one person's behavior as predictive of his group when the

Accepted Answer

The researchers found evidence for the "out-group homogeneity" hypothesis, which suggests that people view individuals from other groups as more similar to each other than individuals within their own group. This was shown through participants' predictions being more similar for behavior shown by a target from a rival school compared to a target from their own university.

Question 13

Jerry Falwell and his followers claim that the attack on the U.S.on September 11, 2001 occurred because the U.S.is "gay-friendly." In essence, his controversial message is that the World Trade Center attacks occurred because the U.S.deserved it on some level.Jerry Falwell and his followers probably have a strong

Accepted Answer

Jerry Falwell's belief that the U.S. deserved the 9/11 attacks because it is "gay-friendly" suggests a belief in a just world, where actions and outcomes are perceived to be inherently fair and aligned with moral principles. This belief may help him make sense of a tragedy that is difficult to comprehend, and it may also reinforce his own worldview and values.

Question 14

Recall that Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate.To do this, the researchers first ________ and then ________.

Accepted Answer

Sherif and his colleagues first created in-group cohesiveness by allowing each group to bond without knowledge of the other group's existence. Then, they set up a series of competitive situations (e.g., sports competitions) that pitted the groups against each other, which led to intergroup hostility.

Question 15

________ is to personal attribution for misfortune as ________ is to situational attribution for misfortune.

Accepted Answer

Victim blame is the tendency to attribute misfortunes to personal factors such as laziness or incompetence, while empathy involves understanding and acknowledging the situational factors that may contribute to misfortune. Therefore, option C represents the two opposites in attribution for misfortune.

Question 16

________ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent intergroup conflict.

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory states that when resources are limited, it leads to intergroup conflict, which increases prejudice and discrimination.

Question 17

In the U.S., when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce, realistic conflict theory would predict that

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory posits that economic hardship and resource scarcity lead to increased competition and conflict between different groups. In this context, minorities may be seen as a threat to the economic well-being and job prospects of the majority, leading to increased prejudice against them. Therefore, the best choice is D - there will be more prejudice against minorities.

Question 18

Research has shown that when most people are confronted with evidence of an inequitable outcome that is difficult to explain, they will

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the "blame the victim" mentality, where people tend to attribute negative outcomes to the individual's personal characteristics or behavior rather than acknowledging systemic inequalities or injustices.

Question 19

A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should

Accepted Answer

A belief in a just world is the idea that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Therefore, someone with this belief might think a date-rape victim should have known her date better, implying that the victim is partially responsible for the incident due to not being cautious enough. This reflects the just world fallacy, where bad things happening to someone are rationalized as being deserved.

Question 20

Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S.When they were competing with white miners during the gold rush, they were seen ________, but when they were helping construct the transcontinental railroad, they were seen ________.

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice and discrimination arise from individual and group competition for scarce resources. During the gold rush, white miners saw Chinese immigrants as a threat to their scarce resources, thus leading to unfavorable views of the Chinese immigrants. However, when the Chinese immigrants were working on the transcontinental railroad, they were no longer seen as a threat and were viewed favorably for their labor contributions.

Quiz 13: Prejudice: Causes Consequences and Cures