Question 1

One of the major contributions of this theorist was that he was the first to use the scientific method to explain criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Lombroso is known as the founder of the positivist school of criminology, which applied the scientific method to the study of criminal behavior. He believed that criminal behavior was determined by biological and physical traits and characteristics, and he used his research to develop a theory of criminal anthropology.

Question 2

These theorists set the foundation for differential association theory in their studies of human ecology.

Accepted Answer

Park and Burgess were key figures in the development of human ecology, which influenced the later development of differential association theory by Sutherland.

Question 3

He is known,among other things,for his development of the panopticon.

Accepted Answer

The development of the panopticon is attributed to Jeremy Bentham, hence option D is the correct choice. The panopticon was a prison design that allowed for the constant and unobtrusive observation of prisoners by placing them in cells arranged around a central guard tower. This concept has had a significant impact on the design of modern prisons and also inspired the development of surveillance systems in various institutions.

Question 4

A ________ frames a question that a research is looking to answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ________ frames a question that a...

Question 5

________ implies that there is something that directly influences or is responsible for people engaging in criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

Causation implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. In the context of the question, it refers to the idea that there is a direct cause or factor that leads people to engage in criminal behavior. Correlation, on the other hand, refers to a relationship between two variables without necessarily implying causation. Hypothesis and theory are both general terms used to describe explanations or ideas about a phenomenon, but they don't specifically relate to the question's topic of criminal behavior.

Question 6

_________,or the notion that humans seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain,is a key principle of the classical school of thought.

Accepted Answer

Hedonism is the principle that humans seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain, which is a key aspect of the classical school of thought. The other options are not related to this principle.

Question 7

As the number of arrests increases,the prison sentence will also increase.This is an example of a __________.

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of a hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation or prediction for a phenomenon or relationship between variables. In this case, the hypothesis is that the number of arrests is positively correlated with longer prison sentences.

Question 8

A fundamental premise of this school of thought is that people engage in crime as a result of free will.

Accepted Answer

The classical school of thought in criminology posits that individuals engage in crime as a result of their own free will, and that punishment serves as a deterrent to future crime. This is in contrast to other schools of thought, such as positivist and deterministic, which argue that factors beyond an individual's control, such as genetics or social structure, contribute to criminal behavior.

Question 9

This theory suggests that people will avoid potentially pleasurable acts (such as criminal behaviors)if the pain or fear of punishment is significant.

Accepted Answer

This theory is known as deterrence theory, which proposes that people will avoid engaging in certain behaviors if the punishment for those behaviors is perceived as significant enough to outweigh the potential benefits.

Question 10

This theory focuses on stress and frustration as a cause of criminality.

Accepted Answer

The Strain Theory proposes that strain, or the inability to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means, leads to stress and frustration which can result in criminal behavior. This theory suggests that individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to turn to crime due to barriers to upward mobility and opportunities for success.

Question 11

These theories of crime explore how experiences such as early childhood experiences,cognitive development,and personality characteristics can help explain criminality.

Accepted Answer

Psychological theories of crime focus on individual psychological factors such as early childhood experiences, cognitive development, and personality characteristics to explain criminal behavior.

Question 12

A _______ is a set of ideas that is used to explain a particular phenomena or concept.

Accepted Answer

A set of ideas used to explain a particular phenomena or concept is called a theory. Correlation refers to a relationship between two variables, causation refers to a relationship where one variable causes another, and hypothesis refers to a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that is subject to testing and verification.

Question 13

Sometimes,when one variable increases,so does the other.This is referred to as __________.It means that two variables are linked to each other.

Accepted Answer

Correlation refers to a statistical relationship between two variables that are associated with each other. A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase. However, correlation does not necessarily imply causation, meaning that just because two variables are related does not mean that one is causing the other.

Question 14

These theories look at how larger social structures such as environment and institutions such as schools,peer groups,and the family can help explain criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

Sociological theories examine the social structures and institutions that may contribute to criminal behavior, such as poverty, education, and family dynamics. Biological and psychological theories tend to focus on individual factors. Classical theories emphasize individual choice and deterrence.

Question 15

A __________ provides a path of inquiry to study.

Accepted Answer

A research question provides a specific inquiry or topic for a study, which can be explored and tested through research. Hypotheses and theories are related concepts, but they are more specific and may be formed in response to a research question. Correlation refers to a statistical relationship between variables, but it does not provide a specific path of inquiry for research.

Question 16

Biological explanations for criminality are examples of ______________ theories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Biological explanations for criminality are examples of...

Question 17

Exploring how poverty causes crime is an example of ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

Exploring how poverty causes crime involves studying the socioeconomic factors and inequalities that can lead to criminal behavior on a broader, societal level. This aligns with macro-level theories that focus on larger social structures and systems rather than individual-level factors (micro-level theories). As the question specifically asks about causation, it rules out correlation-based theories (D) that focus on identifying relationships between variables rather than explaining causal mechanisms.

Question 18

__________ theories of crime focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Micro theories of crime focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors. Macro-level theories, on the other hand, examine broader social, economic, and political factors that contribute to crime. Classical and positivist theories are both types of macro-level theories.

Question 19

Minorities are more likely to be arrested than their white counterparts.This is an example of a __________.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, often based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. The statement "Minorities are more likely to be arrested than their white counterparts" suggests a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between race and arrest rates, fitting the definition of a hypothesis.

Question 20

__________ theories of crime explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

Accepted Answer

Macro theories seek to explain crime on a societal level, looking at factors such as social structure, inequality, and cultural norms. Micro theories, on the other hand, focus on individual-level explanations for criminal behavior. Classical and positivist theories are not specifically categorized as either macro or micro, but rather represent different philosophical approaches to understanding crime.

Quiz 4: Explanations of Criminal Behavior