Question 1

The DASH eating plan recommends daily servings of various foods, including:​
A) ​1-2 servings of vegetables daily.
B) ​4-5 servings of fruits daily.
C) ​4-5 servings of low-fat dairy products daily.
D) ​4-5 servings of nuts and seeds daily.
E) ​2-3 servings of sweets daily.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

The protein portion of the lipoprotein that provides structural integrity and allows for receptors to recognize the lipoprotein particle is called:​
A) ​a chylomicron.
B) ​an amino acid receptor.
C) ​bradykinin.
D) ​fibrinolytic factor.
E) ​an apolipoprotein.

Accepted Answer

The protein portion of a lipoprotein that provides structural integrity and allows for receptors to recognize the lipoprotein particle is called an apolipoprotein.

Question 3

Which best describes mean arterial pressure (MAP)?​
A) ​The amount of end diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart by contraction of the left ventricle
B) ​The force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels during the contraction of the ventricles
C) ​The resistance against which the ventricles must contract in order to eject blood into systemic circulation
D) ​The depolarization of the AV node that is carried into the ventricles by the atrioventricular bundle
E) ​The volume of blood ejected with each contraction of the left ventricle

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Symptoms of angina may include nausea, pain in the arm and neck, sweating, and:​
A) ​hemorrhage.
B) ​chills.
C) ​edema.
D) ​rash.
E) ​shortness of breath.

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath is a common symptom of angina because the reduced blood flow to the heart can impact the lungs' ability to receive oxygen, causing difficulty breathing. The other symptoms listed are not typically associated with angina.

Question 5

During the development of atherosclerosis, as platelets adhere to the sub-endothelial surfaces, they begin to secrete both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and:​
A) ​nitric oxide.
B) ​platelet-derived growth factor.
C) ​C-reactive protein.
D) ​plasminogen activator inhibitor.
E) ​thromboxane A2.

Accepted Answer

E  Platelets secrete platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which contributes to the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and thromboxane A2 which promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction during atherosclerosis development.

Question 6

A dietitian is using the CAGE questions to assess for intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol in a client's diet. The "C" in CAGE stands for:​
A) ​convenience.
B) ​calories.
C) ​calcium.
D) ​caffeine.
E) ​cheese.

Accepted Answer

The "C" in CAGE stands for "cheese," which is a source of saturated fat and cholesterol.

Question 7

Which condition has been a factor associated with primary hypertension?​
A) ​Decreased secretion of vasopressin
B) ​Differences in genes that affect sodium retention
C) ​Increased levels of nitrous oxide in the bloodstream
D) ​Decreased production of angiotensinogen
E) ​Type 1 diabetes and diminished insulin production

Accepted Answer

Differences in genes that affect sodium retention have been associated with the development of primary hypertension.

Question 8

A dietitian is helping a client with determining sodium content of food to manage her hypertension. The label on a product reads, "140 mg or less of sodium per serving." This product would be classified as:​
A) ​sodium free.
B) ​very low sodium.
C) ​low sodium.
D) ​unsalted.
E) ​high in sodium.

Accepted Answer

According to the American Heart Association, "low sodium" means the food contains 140 mg or less of sodium per serving. Therefore, this product would be classified as "low sodium."

Question 9

Research recommends how much daily intake from saturated fat food sources?​
A) ​No more than 15% of total kcal
B) ​No more than 12% of total kcal
C) ​No more than 10% of total kcal
D) ​No more than 7% of total kcal
E) ​0% to no more than 5% of total kcal

Accepted Answer

Research recommends that daily intake of saturated fat should be no more than 7% of total kcal to promote optimal health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease.

Question 10

The components of metabolic syndrome include elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and:​
A) ​abdominal obesity.
B) ​cerebral edema.
C) ​low exercise tolerance.
D) ​muscle tetany.
E) ​early-onset dementia.

Accepted Answer

Abdominal obesity is a commonly recognized component of metabolic syndrome, along with the other listed factors.

Question 11

Which is an example of a loop diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension?​
A) ​furosemide
B) ​hydrochlorothiazide
C) ​acetazolamide
D) ​spironolactone
E) ​methazolamide

Accepted Answer

Furosemide is a loop diuretic commonly used for the treatment of hypertension. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic and spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, while acetazolamide and methazolamide are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for other conditions.

Question 12

Uncontrolled contractions of the heart ventricle that are often associated with myocardial infarction are known as:​
A) ​ventricular tachycardia.
B) ​ventricular fibrillation.
C) ​ventricular shock arrhythmias.
D) ​atrial fibrillation.
E) ​complete heart block.

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled contractions of the heart ventricle that are often associated with myocardial infarction are known as ventricular fibrillation.

Question 13

A dietitian is counseling a client with atherosclerosis about how to make therapeutic lifestyle changes. Which food item should the dietitian advise the client to choose less often?​
A) ​soft or liquid margarine
B) ​buttermilk
C) ​whole eggs
D) ​cottage cheese
E) ​pasta

Accepted Answer

Whole eggs are high in cholesterol and saturated fat, which can contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. The dietitian should advise the client to choose eggs less often and to eat egg whites instead. The other food items listed can all fit into a heart-healthy diet in moderation. Soft or liquid margarine should be chosen over butter, but should still be limited due to their high calorie content. Buttermilk can be used in recipes as a lower-fat alternative to cream or whole milk. Cottage cheese is a good source of protein and calcium, but should be chosen in low-fat or fat-free varieties. Pasta can be part of a healthy diet when paired with lean protein and vegetables.

Question 14

The right atria and the right ventricle make up the right heart and pump blood to:​
A) ​the left heart.
B) ​the pulmonary circulation.
C) ​the superior vena cava.
D) ​the aortic artery.
E) ​the inferior vena cava.

Accepted Answer

The right atria receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps this blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation for oxygenation. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Question 15

Which is an example of a polyunsaturated fat source?​
A) ​butter
B) ​corn oil
C) ​lard
D) ​coconut oil
E) ​palm oil

Accepted Answer

Corn oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fats, which are considered healthier than saturated or trans fats. Butter, lard, coconut oil, and palm oil are higher in saturated fats.

Question 16

Which describes a recommendation for lifestyle changes that may be made to control hypertension?​
A) ​Engage in 30 minutes of physical activity per week
B) ​Avoid alcohol completely
C) ​Consume no more than 3400 mg of sodium per day
D) ​Increase fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy in the diet
E) ​Maintain a BMI between 25 and 29.9

Accepted Answer

Engaging in only 30 minutes of physical activity per week is not sufficient for controlling hypertension, and avoiding alcohol completely may not be necessary for everyone. Consuming no more than 3400 mg of sodium per day is a good recommendation, but it is not enough on its own. Maintaining a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is also helpful, but increasing fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy in the diet is a more comprehensive lifestyle change that can have a significant impact on blood pressure.

Question 17

The repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart is termed the:​
A) ​ejection fraction.
B) ​end diastolic volume.
C) ​stroke volume.
D) ​cardiac output.
E) ​cardiac cycle.

Accepted Answer

The repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart is called the cardiac cycle. Choice A refers to the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat, choice B refers to the amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole, choice C refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat, and choice D refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per unit of time.

Question 18

What best describes how ACE inhibitors work to control hypertension?​
A) ​Decreasing blood volume by increasing urinary output
B) ​Blocking beta-receptors in the heart to decrease heart rate and cardiac output
C) ​Decreasing peripheral vascular resistance by interfering with the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I
D) ​Reducing stroke volume
E) ​Affecting the movement of calcium, which causes the blood vessels to relax

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors interfere with the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I, which leads to decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately lower blood pressure.

Question 19

A dietitian is reviewing the laboratory results of a client's total cholesterol levels. The results are 210 mg/dL. These results would be classified as:​
A) ​desirable.
B) ​normal.
C) ​borderline high.
D) ​high.
E) ​excessive.

Accepted Answer

A total cholesterol level of 210 mg/dL is classified as "borderline high," as levels between 200-239 mg/dL fall into this category.

Question 20

Gemfibrozil is a type of medication used to control high cholesterol and is classified as a(n):​
A) ​nicotinic acid.
B) ​bile acid sequestrant.
C) ​HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
D) ​fibric acid.
E) ​statin.

Accepted Answer

Gemfibrozil is classified as a fibric acid.

Quiz 13: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

The DASH eating plan recommends daily servings of various foods, including:

The protein portion of the lipoprotein that provides structural integrity and allows for receptors to recognize the lipoprotein particle is called:

Which best describes mean arterial pressure (MAP) ?

Symptoms of angina may include nausea, pain in the arm and neck, sweating, and:

During the development of atherosclerosis, as platelets adhere to the sub-endothelial surfaces, they begin to secrete both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and:

A dietitian is using the CAGE questions to assess for intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol in a client's diet. The "C" in CAGE stands for:

Which condition has been a factor associated with primary hypertension?

A dietitian is helping a client with determining sodium content of food to manage her hypertension. The label on a product reads, "140 mg or less of sodium per serving." This product would be classified as:

Research recommends how much daily intake from saturated fat food sources?

The components of metabolic syndrome include elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and:

Which is an example of a loop diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension?

Uncontrolled contractions of the heart ventricle that are often associated with myocardial infarction are known as:

A dietitian is counseling a client with atherosclerosis about how to make therapeutic lifestyle changes. Which food item should the dietitian advise the client to choose less often?

The right atria and the right ventricle make up the right heart and pump blood to:

Which is an example of a polyunsaturated fat source?

Which describes a recommendation for lifestyle changes that may be made to control hypertension?

The repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart is termed the:

What best describes how ACE inhibitors work to control hypertension?

A dietitian is reviewing the laboratory results of a client's total cholesterol levels. The results are 210 mg/dL. These results would be classified as:

Gemfibrozil is a type of medication used to control high cholesterol and is classified as a(n) :

Quiz 13: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

The DASH eating plan recommends daily servings of various foods, including:​

The protein portion of the lipoprotein that provides structural integrity and allows for receptors to recognize the lipoprotein particle is called:​

Which best describes mean arterial pressure (MAP) ?​

Symptoms of angina may include nausea, pain in the arm and neck, sweating, and:​

During the development of atherosclerosis, as platelets adhere to the sub-endothelial surfaces, they begin to secrete both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and:​

A dietitian is using the CAGE questions to assess for intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol in a client's diet. The "C" in CAGE stands for:​

Which condition has been a factor associated with primary hypertension?​

A dietitian is helping a client with determining sodium content of food to manage her hypertension. The label on a product reads, "140 mg or less of sodium per serving." This product would be classified as:​

Research recommends how much daily intake from saturated fat food sources?​

The components of metabolic syndrome include elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and:​

Which is an example of a loop diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension?​

Uncontrolled contractions of the heart ventricle that are often associated with myocardial infarction are known as:​

A dietitian is counseling a client with atherosclerosis about how to make therapeutic lifestyle changes. Which food item should the dietitian advise the client to choose less often?​

The right atria and the right ventricle make up the right heart and pump blood to:​

Which is an example of a polyunsaturated fat source?​

Which describes a recommendation for lifestyle changes that may be made to control hypertension?​

The repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart is termed the:​

What best describes how ACE inhibitors work to control hypertension?​

A dietitian is reviewing the laboratory results of a client's total cholesterol levels. The results are 210 mg/dL. These results would be classified as:​

Gemfibrozil is a type of medication used to control high cholesterol and is classified as a(n) :​