Question 1

From the _____ through the _____, American cities created curfew laws designed to limit the presence of children on city streets after dark.

Accepted Answer

The specific time frame mentioned is from the 1880s through the 1920s, which corresponds with the rise of urbanization and concerns over juvenile delinquency in American cities. A is too broad, B does not fully capture the timeframe, and D is too late.

Question 2

The tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they become older is called the ____________.

Accepted Answer

The aging-out process describes the trend for young individuals to decrease their criminal behavior as they mature and become older. This phenomenon isn't due to any conscious decision made by these individuals. Rather, some research suggests that a decline in physical aggression and impulse control, combined with increased responsibilities and attachments, may lead to aging criminals changing their lifestyles and reducing the frequency of offending behavior. The other options don't accurately describe this process.

Question 3

Researchers have found that curfew laws along with aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement, appeared to reduce ________.

Accepted Answer

The question specifically mentions "violent" gang crimes, and curfew laws and enforcement have been found to be effective in reducing such crimes. While it is possible that they may also reduce other crimes such as shoplifting, the question makes no mention of this. Truancy and prostitution are also mentioned as potential targets of curfew enforcement but there is no indication that they are being tested.

Question 4

Family structure and the role of children began to change after the __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Family structure and the role of children...

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson, ____________ occurs when youths spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.

Accepted Answer

Role diffusion is the term used by Erikson to describe the identity crisis that occurs during adolescence when young people struggle to find a sense of identity and purpose. They may experiment with different roles or commitments, but ultimately lack a clear sense of direction. This can lead to feelings of confusion and vulnerability, and can make them more susceptible to the influence of others who promise to provide a sense of identity or belonging.

Question 6

According to Nanette Davis, _________________ makes people self-centered and hurts collective and group identities.

Accepted Answer

Nanette Davis argues that the "cult of individualism" makes people self-centered and undermines collective and group identities. This refers to the cultural emphasis on individual achievement, self-expression, and personal success above all else, which can lead to a sense of isolation and disconnection from others. Risk-taking behaviors, lack of legitimate opportunity, and emphasis on consumerism may also have negative impacts, but they are not specifically mentioned by Davis in this context.

Question 7

__________ is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15 - 24 in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15 - 24 in the United States, accounting for approximately 4,600 deaths per year. Accidental deaths and substance abuse are also significant causes of death in this age group, but they rank lower than suicide. Homicide is a leading cause of death in young adults aged 25 - 34, but it is not as common among 15 - 24 year olds.

Question 8

Teenage birthrates have declined substantially during the past decade with the sharpest declines among _____ girls.

Accepted Answer

The sharpest declines in teenage birthrates have been observed among African-American girls, due to various factors including increased access to education and contraceptive methods.

Question 9

More than _____ million youths are arrested each year for crimes ranging in seriousness from loitering to murder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of More than _____ million youths are arrested...

Question 10

Nineteenth-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced
Legislation creating the juvenile justice system were referred to as the _________.

Accepted Answer

The term "child savers" is often used to refer to the 19th-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system. This term emphasizes their focus on protecting and helping vulnerable children, particularly those in poverty or facing delinquency. The other answer choices are more generic and do not specifically relate to this historical context.

Question 11

____________ suggests that the potential for risky behavior among youth exists in all facets of American life.

Accepted Answer

Nanette Davis is a criminologist and expert on juvenile delinquency who argues that youth risk behavior is present in all aspects of American life, including school, family, and community environments.

Question 12

Governmental response to the care of needy children can be traced back to the _____________.

Accepted Answer

The Poor laws were the earliest form of governmental response to the care of needy children. These laws, which were enacted in England in the 16th century, provided for the establishment of orphanages and workhouses to care for children who were orphaned, abandoned, or could not be cared for by their parents.

Question 13

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises
Complete control over his wife and children is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The family style described in the question is known as paternalistic, as it centers around the father having complete control and authority over the family. Option A, "parens patriae," refers to the legal authority of the state to act as a parent or guardian when individuals are unable to care for themselves. Option C, "matriarchal," means a family style where the mother holds the position of power and authority. Option D, "democratic," is a family style in which decision-making is shared among all family members.

Question 14

________ was the first state to enact laws aimed at disciplining parents for contributing to the delinquency of a minor.

Accepted Answer

Colorado was the first state to enact laws aimed at disciplining parents for contributing to the delinquency of a minor in 1915. The law was designed to hold parents responsible for their children's actions and aimed to reduce juvenile delinquency by holding parents accountable for their children's behavior.

Question 15

During the 17ᵗʰ and 18ᵗʰ centuries, ____________ was the main method of discipline used by teachers.

Accepted Answer

Flogging, or whipping with a rod or strap, was a common form of discipline used by teachers during this time period. Standing a child in the corner was also used, but it was not the main method of discipline. Suspensions were rare and considered extreme punishment. Harsh looks were not a formal method of discipline.

Question 16

Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality are referred to as _________.

Accepted Answer

At-risk youth are young people who are at high risk for negative outcomes such as dropping out of school, substance abuse, and early sexual activity. They may face challenges such as poverty, neglect, and lack of parental support. The other choices do not accurately describe this group. Juvenile delinquents are youth who have committed crimes, the working poor are individuals and families who have jobs but still struggle to make ends meet, and latch-key youth are children who are left unsupervised after school due to their parents' work schedules.

Question 17

The Latin phrase parens patriae was used to refer to the __________.

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae was a legal doctrine that originated in England, which granted the King the authority to act as a "father to the country" and intervene on behalf of those who were unable to care for themselves, such as minors, the mentally ill or the disabled. In the United States, the doctrine has been applied to the government's role in protecting the well-being of minors, such as in cases of child abuse or neglect.

Question 18

The Chancery Courts dealt with _____________.

Accepted Answer

The Chancery Courts were primarily responsible for handling legal matters related to the welfare of minors, especially those from noble or highborn families who were orphaned or had no direct guardianship. This could include issues related to education, property inheritance, and marriage arrangements.

Question 19

Toward the close of the eighteenth century, the work of such philosophers as Voltaire,
Rousseau, and Locke launched a new age, the _______________, for childhood and the family.

Accepted Answer

The work of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke are associated with the Enlightenment, an intellectual and philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and liberty. The Enlightenment had a significant impact on the way childhood and the family were viewed, leading to new ideas about education, family relationships, and child-rearing practices.

Question 20

According to ___________, ego identity is formed when a person develops a firm sense of self.

Accepted Answer

The concept of ego identity and its formation is a central aspect of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. According to him, ego identity is formed during adolescence when an individual develops a sense of self and a clear understanding of their place in society.

Quiz 1: Childhood Delinquency

From the _ through the _, American cities created curfew laws designed to limit the presence of children on city streets after dark.