Question 1

When a person has positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful
Marriage or career, that support is sometimes referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

The support mentioned in the question is specifically related to relations with individuals and institutions, suggesting that it is a form of "social" support. Additionally, the language of "support" can be seen as a form of capital in the sense that it provides resources and benefits to the individual, leading to the concept of "social capital."

Question 2

_____ theories incorporate social, personal, and developmental factors into complex explanations of human behavior.

Accepted Answer

Integrated theories combine various factors such as social, personal, and developmental influences to provide a comprehensive understanding of human behavior. Latent theories focus mainly on unconscious motives and drives, Behavioral theories emphasize the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior, and Age-graded theories concentrate on how age-related changes affect behavior.

Question 3

_____ refers to the propensity to commit crime that profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization over the life course.

Accepted Answer

State dependence refers to the propensity to commit crime that profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization over the life course.

Question 4

The Gluecks identified a number of personal and social factors related to persistent
Offending, finding the most important of these factors was _____

Accepted Answer

The Gluecks identified family relations as the most important personal and social factor related to persistent offending.

Question 5

One of the most important longitudinal studies tracking persistent offenders is the _____.

Accepted Answer

The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is one of the most important longitudinal studies tracking persistent offenders. It has followed over 400 males from adolescence to middle age, examining various factors that contribute to persistent offending behavior. The other options listed (Chicago Delinquency Project, London Delinquency Project, and Boston Juvenile Project) are also notable longitudinal studies, but they do not focus specifically on tracking persistent offenders.

Question 6

The Gluecks' research focused on _____ as a forerunner of a delinquent career.

Accepted Answer

The Gluecks' research specifically focused on early onset of delinquency as a predictor of future delinquent behavior. While socioeconomic factors, school failure, and abuse/neglect can also contribute to delinquent behavior, they were not the primary focus of the Gluecks' research.

Question 7

The _____ to delinquent deviance begins at an early age with stubborn behavior, which leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

Accepted Answer

The authority conflict pathway describes a sequence where early stubborn behavior progresses to defiance and ultimately to avoidance of authority, often leading to delinquent behavior.

Question 8

Gaining employment, getting married, or joining the military create informal social control mechanisms that limit delinquent behavior opportunities; these events are considered to be _____ according to Sampson and Laub.

Accepted Answer

Turning points are significant life events that can redirect the life course of an individual. Gaining employment, getting married, or joining the military are examples of turning points that can create informal social control mechanisms and help limit delinquent behavior opportunities. This idea is proposed by Sampson and Laub in their theory of life course criminology. Cumulative disadvantage refers to the compounding of disadvantage over time, social capital refers to resources that individuals and communities can draw upon for social support and collaboration, and impulsivity refers to a personality trait characterized by a tendency towards rash or impulsive actions.

Question 9

The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics is called _____.

Accepted Answer

The life-course theory posits that criminality is a dynamic process and is influenced by both social experiences and individual characteristics throughout one's life. This theory emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences and how they shape an individual's future criminal behavior.

Question 10

_____ theory was developed by Rowe, Osgood, and Nicewander.

Accepted Answer

The latent trait theory was developed by Rowe, Osgood, and Nicewander, focusing on the idea that certain latent traits influence behavior.

Question 11

A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse,
Smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency is called
_____

Accepted Answer

The given cluster of behaviors is known as problem behavior syndrome. This term is often used to describe a group of interrelated problem behaviors that tend to occur together and may have common underlying causes or risk factors, such as family dysfunction, poverty, or exposure to violence. Delinquency syndrome, sociopath behavior, and psychopath behavior do not accurately describe this cluster of behaviors.

Question 12

_____ is a program designed to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems in high-risk children entering first grade.

Accepted Answer

The Fast Track program is specifically designed for high-risk children entering first grade to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems. The other options (Bright Beginnings, SMART, and PATHS) may all be beneficial programs but are not targeted towards preventing serious antisocial behavior in high-risk children entering first grade.

Question 13

The developmental theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life span is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Life-course theory focuses on how criminal behavior changes over a person's lifetime. It examines how a person's experiences, interactions, and environment can lead to changes in criminal activity, with the understanding that criminal behavior is not just a result of individual traits or biology, but is also shaped by social and environmental influences over time. Trait theory focuses on identifying individual characteristics that may make a person more likely to engage in criminal behavior, while behavior theory looks at how environmental factors influence behavior in the moment. Trajectory theory focuses on identifying distinct patterns of criminal behavior over time.

Question 14

The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to the pioneering work of _____.

Accepted Answer

The foundation of developmental theory can be traced back to the pioneering work of Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, who conducted a landmark study on delinquency among inner-city youth in Boston in the 1940s. Their work formed the basis for much of the subsequent research on the causes and correlates of delinquency, and helped to establish the field of criminology as a legitimate area of scientific inquiry. While the other answer choices are notable criminologists and researchers, the Gluecks are the most directly associated with the development of criminological theory.

Question 15

An offender who follows the most common delinquent trajectory in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes is called a/an _____

Accepted Answer

The term "adolescent-limited" refers to offenders who engage in antisocial behavior primarily during adolescence and then desist as they mature into adulthood. This is the most common delinquent trajectory, according to research. The other answer choices are not accurate descriptions of this type of offender.

Question 16

If an offender's delinquent career continues well into adulthood, the offender is referred to as a/an _____

Accepted Answer

A life-course persister is an offender who continues to commit crimes well into adulthood. This term emphasizes the continuity of offending behavior across the individual's life course, rather than seeing it as a temporary stage of adolescence or young adulthood. The other options are either unrelated or do not accurately describe an offender who continues to commit crimes into adulthood.

Question 17

Trajectory theory is a developmental approach that combines elements of latent trait and _____ theory.

Accepted Answer

Trajectory theory is a developmental approach that combines elements of latent trait and life course theory, focusing on the pathways and patterns of behavior over the life span.

Question 18

The conduit to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical
Fighting, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency is called _____

Accepted Answer

The overt pathway is the correct answer as it refers to the progression from minor aggression to physical fighting to violent delinquency. The covert pathway refers to a different progression that involves sneaky, secretive behavior leading to delinquency. The authority conflict pathway involves a focus on challenging authority figures and rules, and the corrected behavior pathway involves individuals who have engaged in delinquent behavior but are able to make positive changes and redirect their behavior.

Question 19

The developmental view holds that delinquency may best be understood as one of many _____ problems.

Accepted Answer

The developmental view of delinquency views it as a social problem, influenced by factors such as family dynamics, peer relationships, and community environments. This perspective sees delinquency as a result of a complex interplay between individual characteristics and social contexts, rather than being solely determined by economics, culture, or genetics.

Question 20

The _____ to a delinquent career begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud.

Accepted Answer

The covert pathway is characterized by minor underhanded behavior that escalates to more serious criminal activities, fitting the description given.

Quiz 6: Developmental Theories of Delinquency

When a person has positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful Marriage or career, that support is sometimes referred to as _____.