Question 1

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population,they have:
A) Conducted a census
B) Collected a sample
C) Decreased external validity
D) Increased internal validity
E) Biased the study

Accepted Answer

The researchers have collected a sample by only measuring every tenth member of the population, rather than measuring every single member (conducting a census).

Question 2

Explain why each of the following poses problems to a measure's validity: response sets (acquiescence,nay-saying,and fence sitting),socially desirable responding (faking good or faking bad),and inability to report.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why each of the following poses...

Question 3

Dr.Oishi is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward math and their effect on performance on standardized tests.He chooses his local school district to study.There are 15 middle schools and he randomly chooses five.Then,of the 1,500 students in each of those five schools,he randomly recruits 250 students.This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?
A) Simple random sample
B) Snowball sample
C) Systematic sample
D) Multistage sample
E) Cluster sample

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a multistage sample because Dr.Oishi first sampled middle schools randomly from the entire population of schools, and then randomly selected students from those selected schools.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?
A) Simple random sample
B) Multistage sample
C) Convenience sample
D) Systematic sample
E) Cluster sample

Accepted Answer

A convenience sample is not a probability sample, as it does not involve random selection of participants. The other options (A, B, D, E) are examples of probability samples, as they involve a random selection process.

Question 5

Dr.Jackson is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs.She finds several people in a support group to research and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted.Upon contacting these new participants,she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted.This is an example of what kind of sampling?
A) Purposive sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Random sampling
D) Convenience sampling
E) Self-selection sampling

Accepted Answer

This is an example of snowball sampling because participants are recruited through referrals from other participants who have already been included in the study. Snowball sampling is often used when the target population is difficult to access and is most effective when there is a strong network and communication among the members of the target population.

Question 6

Refer to Research Study 6.3 above to answer the following question.
For each of Dr.Omiata's statements,say whether it is well worded.If it is not,indicate what the problem is and how it could be fixed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to Research Study 6.3 above to...

Question 7

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared with opposite-sex friend pairs.
-Refer to Research Study 6.2 above to answer the following question. Given the scenario above,Dr.Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants.Which of the following could he do to address this concern?
A) Use a masked study design
B) Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one
C) Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day
D) Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing
E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 6.2
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist,...

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true of interrater reliability?
A) It is measured with Cronbach's alpha.
B) It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters.
C) It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained.
D) If interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid.
E) None of the above are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT true...

Question 9

Write three questions designed to measure liking for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches-one forced-choice,one open-ended,and one with a response scale (can be of any type).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Write three questions designed to measure liking...

Question 10

Masked,or blind,study designs are designed to deal with:
A) Yea-saying biases
B) Bystander effect
C) Observer bias
D) Observer effects
E) Interrater reliability

Accepted Answer

Masked or blind study designs are used to deal with observer bias, which occurs when the observer's preconceived notions or expectations affect their interpretation of data. By masking the observer from certain information, such as the treatment group that a participant belongs to, the study attempts to eliminate observer bias and ensure more objective data interpretation. Yea-saying biases, bystander effects, observer effects, and interrater reliability are all different types of biases or sources of error in research, but they are not specifically addressed by masked study designs.

Question 11

If researchers measure every member of a population,they have:
A) Conducted a census
B) Collected a sample
C) Decreased external validity
D) Increased internal validity
E) Biased the study

Accepted Answer

Conducting a census involves measuring every member of a population. This is different from collecting a sample, which only measures a portion of the population. Therefore, if researchers measure every member of the population, they have conducted a census.

Question 12

What is an advantage of open-ended questions? What is a disadvantage?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is an advantage of open-ended questions?...

Question 13

Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims?
A) "Fifty-nine percent of college athletes feel that playing professionally is an attainable goal."
B) "According to ApplianceCentral.com, 23% of people who bought Samsung brand refrigerators said they did not make a lot of noise."
C) "Expressing uncertainty about relationship commitment prior to marriage is associated with greater marital happiness."
D) "Having a boss compliment you at work causes you to work more efficiently."
E) "People who have religious experiences report feeling more comfortable with the idea of death."

Accepted Answer

A representative sample is crucial for claim A because it involves a specific population (college athletes) and generalizes their perceptions about playing professionally. To ensure the claim is valid, the sample must accurately reflect the diversity and characteristics of the entire population of college athletes.

Question 14

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared with opposite-sex friend pairs.
-Refer to Research Study 6.2 above to answer the following question. Given the scenario above,Dr.Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park.He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic.While having their picnic,they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex.This technique is known as:
A) A blind study design
B) Unobtrusive observation
C) Interrater reliability
D) Delayed observation
E) A double blind study design

Accepted Answer

The technique described in the scenario is called unobtrusive observation. This is because the researchers are observing behavior without interfering or altering the natural environment or behavior of the participants. They are posing as a married couple having a picnic, which is a natural setting for children to play and share toys. By taking detailed notes of the sharing behavior and noting the sex of the pairs, they can gather data on how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex and opposite-sex friend pairs.

Question 15

A sample is always _________ a population.
A) More expensive to measure than
B) Smaller than
C) More interesting than
D) More scientific than
E) The same as

Accepted Answer

A sample is a smaller subset of a population.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?
A) It is the best way to obtain a representative sample.
B) It is the same as random assignment.
C) It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling.
D) It should be used when external validity is not the goal of the study.
E) None of the above are true.

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling is considered the best way to obtain a representative sample, as it ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. This can increase the generalizability or external validity of the study. Random assignment, on the other hand, is a method used in experimental designs to randomly assign participants to different groups. Nonprobability sampling techniques can result in smaller samples, but they may not be representative of the population.

Question 17

Dr.Smith is interested in measuring how adults view sexual behavior in teenagers.She asks the following two questions.Explain why Dr.Smith should be worried and how she can correct the problem.
i.Is it okay for boys under the age of 18 to be sexually active?
ii.Is it okay for girls under the age of 18 to be sexually active?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr.Smith is interested in measuring how adults...

Question 18

Another word for observer effects is:
A) Observer bias
B) Reactivity
C) Interrater reliability
D) Unobtrusive observation
E) Observational error

Accepted Answer

Observer effects (also known as the Hawthorne effect) refer to changes in behavior that occur as a result of being observed. Another term for this phenomenon is reactivity. Choice A (observer bias) refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect or want to see, and choice C (interrater reliability) refers to the consistency of observations made by different observers. Choice D (unobtrusive observation) refers to a method of observation that does not involve direct interaction with participants, and choice E (observational error) refers to mistakes or inaccuracies in observation. Of these options, only B is directly synonymous with observer effects.

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared with opposite-sex friend pairs.
-Refer to Research Study 6.2 above to answer the following question. Given the scenario above,Dr.Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants.He is concerned about:
A) Reactivity
B) Bystander effect
C) Observer bias
D) Faking good
E) Interrater reliability

Accepted Answer

Reactivity refers to the phenomenon where study participants behave differently than they normally would because they know they are being observed. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the presence of research assistants may cause the children to behave differently than they would if they were just playing with their friends, leading to reactivity.

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared with opposite-sex friend pairs.
-Refer to Research Study 6.2 above to answer the following question. Given the scenario above,Dr.Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park.He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic.While having their picnic,they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex.Given his use of two research assistants,he must establish the _______________ of their measures.
A) Observer bias
B) Face validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Interrater reliability
E) Test-retest reliability

Accepted Answer

Interrater reliability refers to the consistency of measurements made by different observers. In this study, Dr. Ewell is using two research assistants to collect data, so it is important that their measures are consistent with each other. Therefore, he must establish the interrater reliability of their measures. Options A (observer bias), B (face validity), C (convergent validity), and E (test-retest reliability) do not address the issue of consistency between observers.

Quiz 6: Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population,they have:

Explain why each of the following poses problems to a measure's validity: response sets (acquiescence,nay-saying,and fence sitting),socially desirable responding (faking good or faking bad),and inability to report.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?

Refer to Research Study 6.3 above to answer the following question. For each of Dr.Omiata's statements,say whether it is well worded.If it is not,indicate what the problem is and how it could be fixed.

Which of the following is NOT true of interrater reliability?

Write three questions designed to measure liking for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches-one forced-choice,one open-ended,and one with a response scale (can be of any type).

Masked,or blind,study designs are designed to deal with:

If researchers measure every member of a population,they have:

What is an advantage of open-ended questions? What is a disadvantage?

Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims?

A sample is always _________ a population.

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

Another word for observer effects is: