Question 1

Which of the following would an elderly individual likely have the most difficulty with

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory, which involves remembering personal experiences and events, and working memory, which involves holding and using information in the short-term, may decline more significantly with age. Procedural memory, which involves remembering how to perform tasks and skills, and semantic memory, which involves knowledge of facts and concepts, may be better preserved in older individuals. Sensory memory, which involves briefly retaining sensory information, is not typically affected by aging.

Question 2

Erik is retired,but he has maintained a very active schedule.He volunteers for a local nonprofit organization,plays cards with his friends twice each week,and he does a daily crossword puzzle.He also takes his neighbour's dog for a brisk walk at lunchtime.Which of the following is less likely to develop as Erik ages,because of his lifestyle and activities

Accepted Answer

Erik's active lifestyle and engagement in mental and physical activities can help to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Regular exercise, social interactions, and mental stimulation have been linked to better brain health and a lower risk of cognitive decline.

Question 3

A pregnant woman experiences domestic violence through verbal and emotional abuse.Which of the following is NOT one of the risks to the developing fetus

Accepted Answer

Verbal and emotional abuse during pregnancy can have negative impacts on fetal development, including an increased risk of stillbirth, impaired immune system response, and heightened vulnerability to infectious disease. However, there is no evidence to suggest that it would result in above-average motor development.

Question 4

Which statement does NOT accurately describe one of the differences between females and males

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that males tend to score higher on measures of visual-spatial abilities than females, which contradicts statement B. All of the other statements are generally supported by research.

Question 5

What is a common source of conflict between adolescents and their parents

Accepted Answer

Chores are a common source of conflict between adolescents and their parents as they often involve disagreements over responsibilities and expectations within the household.

Question 6

Which statement does NOT accurately describe one of the differences between males and females

Accepted Answer

This statement is not accurate as research has shown that females tend to have better verbal skills than males.

Question 7

How long do people typically struggle with the progression of Alzheimer's disease

Accepted Answer

The average duration of Alzheimer's disease is about 8-10 years, although it can range from 1-15 years depending on various factors such as age, overall health, and severity of the disease.

Question 8

Which statemens best describes the effect fathers have on the development of their children

Accepted Answer

Research shows that the presence of a father figure contributes to the normal development of a child. A father's involvement has been linked to better social, emotional, and cognitive outcomes for children, including improved academic performance, higher self-esteem, and fewer behavioral problems. While a child can still develop normally in the absence of a father, the presence of a positive male role model can provide unique benefits to their development.

Question 9

In recent decades,what has happened to the age at which individuals marry for the first time

Accepted Answer

According to recent data, the age at which individuals marry for the first time has increased for both men and women.

Question 10

Jean Piaget asserted that the child's experiences in the world,in combination with maturation,together influence the child's cognitive development.Which unifying theme in psychology is reflected by this example

Accepted Answer

The assertion made by Piaget reflects the unifying theme that heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. Piaget believed that both the child's experiences in the world and their innate maturation work together to shape cognitive development, highlighting the interplay between nature (heredity) and nurture (environment).

Question 11

Assume research shows there is a gender difference on Trait X and males tend to exhibit more of the trait than females.Which conclusion would best describe performance on Trait X if the gender difference on Trait X is similar to other traits with gender differences

Accepted Answer

If the gender difference on Trait X is similar to other traits with gender differences, then it is likely that the average male exhibits slightly higher levels of the trait than the average female. This conclusion is supported by research on gender differences in traits, which typically show small to moderate effects favoring males. Option A and B are less likely because they describe extreme cases that are less representative of the average difference between males and females. Option D is possible, but it is less specific and informative than option C.

Question 12

Which statement best describes the relationship between gender stereotypes and gender differences

Accepted Answer

Gender stereotypes may arise in part from actual differences between genders, but those differences tend to be smaller than the stereotypes suggest. Furthermore, not all gender differences are based on biology - societal expectations and learned behaviors also play a significant role in shaping gender differences. Therefore, option C is the statement that best describes the relationship between gender stereotypes and gender differences.

Question 13

What is emphasized by cognitive theories of gender role development

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theories of gender role development emphasize the role of individuals in actively constructing their own gender identities through self-socialization, rather than simply being passive recipients of environmental influences like operant conditioning and observational learning. Cognitive theories suggest that children actively seek out information about gender and use it to develop their own gender schema or mental framework for understanding and interpreting gender. This process of self-socialization plays a key role in shaping gender identity and behavior. The development of long-term memory is also important for gender role development, but it is not the main focus of cognitive theories of gender.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a physical change characteristic of adult aging

Accepted Answer

The other three options are all physical changes commonly associated with aging. However, an increase in body weight after age 60 is not necessarily a universal characteristic of aging and can be affected by various factors such as lifestyle and genetics.

Question 15

Which of the following tends to be exhibited by females who were exposed prenatally to abnormally high levels of androgens

Accepted Answer

Females who were exposed prenatally to abnormally high levels of androgens tend to exhibit more male-typical behaviors than other females. This is because androgens are male hormones, which typically promote development of male-typical traits and behaviors.

Question 16

Which term refers to the collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Accepted Answer

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) refers to the collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy. While Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) and Neonatal Alcohol Syndrome (NAS) are related to FASD, they are not the same thing. Early Substance Abuse Effects Disorder (SAED) is not a recognized term in the context of alcohol use during pregnancy.

Question 17

At what age does menopause typically occur

Accepted Answer

Menopause typically occurs around the age of 50, although it can range from 45-55 years of age. Options A and B are too young for menopause, and option C can be an early menopause but not typical.

Question 18

Which of the following terms is defined as expectations about what is appropriate behaviour for each sex

Accepted Answer

Gender roles refer to the expectations and norms society places on individuals based on their gender, including appropriate behavior, attitudes, and responsibilities.

Question 19

Helen is in her late 70s and has had some changes in her cognitive abilities recently.She has a hard time remembering new things,and she has great difficulty with selective attention.She will often start doing something,get distracted,and then forget what she had been doing.Which of the following is consistent with Helen's recent difficulties

Accepted Answer

Helen's recent difficulties with memory and selective attention suggest Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive disorder that causes memory problems and other cognitive deficits. Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases primarily affect movement and motor control, while Williams' syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.

Question 20

Environmental factors are most likely to cause damage to specific structures of a developing embryo or fetus when those structures are undergoing rapid development.Which unifying theme in psychology is reflected in this example

Accepted Answer

The example given highlights the importance of both heredity and environment in the development of an individual, which reflects the unifying theme of how these two factors jointly influence behavior.

Quiz 11: B: Human Development Across the Life Span