Question 1

What will be acquired by a child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Accepted Answer

Stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is Trust vs. Mistrust, which occurs in infancy. Successful completion of this stage results in a sense of optimism and trust towards the world, as the child has received consistent and nurturing care from their caregivers. A sense of competence, self-sufficiency, and the ability to initiate one's own activities are not specific outcomes of stage 1.

Question 2

One-year-old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns.What type of attachment does Tommy likely have with his mother

Accepted Answer

Tommy's behavior of being distressed when his mother leaves him and resisting her attempts to comfort him when she returns is indicative of an anxious-ambivalent attachment. This type of attachment is characterized by the child's fear of abandonment and the inconsistency of the caregiver's responses to their distress. The child may show clingy behavior and be hesitant to explore their environment.

Question 3

Dr.Gevy explains that a secure attachment develops when the child experiences a predictable relationship with parents that includes plenty of loving behaviour.The child learns that the world is a safe place and learns to trust easily.If a child experiences an unpredictable,dangerous,or unloving environment,then the child learns to be wary and less connected to other people.Dr.Gevy suggests that either style helps a child to survive to reproductive age in its particular environment.What type of theorist is Dr.Gevy

Accepted Answer

Dr. Gevy's explanation focuses on how attachment styles developed in response to environmental conditions, suggesting these adaptations enhance survival and reproductive success. This perspective aligns with evolutionary theory, which examines behaviors in the context of survival and reproduction.

Question 4

There are differences in parenting styles among various cultures,and these differences appear to be reflected in the rates of different attachment styles.What does this suggest about the process of attachment

Accepted Answer

The fact that there are differences in attachment styles among various cultures and that these differences are reflected in parenting styles suggests that attachment develops as a result of the style of interactions between parent and child. This implies that attachment is not predetermined by race or ethnicity, nor is it best observed within a specific cultural context or parenting style.

Question 5

What is assumed by stage theories of development

Accepted Answer

Stage theories assume that individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage. This means that an individual cannot progress to the next stage until they have successfully completed the previous one. Therefore, the sequence of stages is crucial in stage theories of development.

Question 6

What is the developmental stage during which toilet training occurs,according to Erikson

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the developmental stage during which toilet training occurs is autonomy versus shame and doubt. This stage occurs between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, where children are learning to assert their independence and control over their bodily functions. Successful toilet training during this stage can lead to feelings of autonomy and self-confidence, while failure or negative experiences can lead to feelings of shame and doubt.

Question 7

Imagine that you have just read the results from a research study that investigated patterns of attachment during infancy.In 100 parent-infant dyads,nearly 40 percent of infants showed evidence of an avoidant attachment pattern.Where did the study likely take place,based on van Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg's research

Accepted Answer

According to van Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg's research, avoidant attachment patterns are more commonly observed in Western countries, particularly Germany, compared to other countries such as the United States or Japan. Therefore, the study described in the scenario likely took place in Germany.

Question 8

Why are infants so cute and appealing to adults,according to Bowlby

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's attachment theory suggests that infants evolved to be cute and appealing to ensure adults become attached to them and provide care, which is crucial for their survival. This is known as social releasers or "cute cues" that stimulate caregiving behavior in adults. Therefore, infants' cuteness is a survival strategy that helps them to receive the necessary care and attention they require for their development.

Question 9

Kara takes her 1-year-old son,Delaney,to visit a day care centre where she plans to enrol him.Delaney appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom,even though Kara is close by.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,Delaney becomes extremely upset.When Kara returns,he clings to her leg but does not calm down and continues to sob.What type of attachment relationship does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

Delaney's behavior indicates an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship. He is resistant to exploring the playroom without his mother, becomes upset when she leaves, and continues to sob even when she returns. This suggests that Delaney has not developed a sense of security or trust in his mother's availability and may experience separation anxiety.

Question 10

Imagine that you have just read the results from a research study that investigated patterns of attachment during infancy.In 100 parent-infant dyads,hardly any of the infants showed evidence of an avoidant attachment pattern.Where should you expect that this study took place,based on van Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg's research

Accepted Answer

According to van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research on cross-cultural variations in attachment patterns, Japan has the lowest rates of avoidant attachment style. Therefore, if hardly any of the infants in the study showed evidence of an avoidant attachment pattern, it is likely that the study was conducted in Japan.

Question 11

Craig is 2 years old,and he likes to put on his own coat and shoes.His mother often becomes impatient waiting for him to get ready,and she usually scolds him and then finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for him.What would Craig develop,based on Erikson's theory

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, at Craig's age, he is in the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. When his efforts to do things by himself are met with impatience and scolding, it can lead to feelings of shame and doubt about his abilities.

Question 12

John has a difficult temperament,is very sensitive to any changes in his environment,and has long bouts of distress.As a result,his parents have become somewhat slow to respond to his crying,and they are often disengaged when caring for him because he doesn't respond well to their soothing efforts.Which view of attachment is illustrated by this example

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates an interactive view of attachment, where the behavior of the infant (John's difficult temperament and sensitivity) and the responses of the caregivers (parents becoming slow to respond and disengaged) interact to shape the attachment process. It highlights how both the child and the parents actively contribute to the development of attachment patterns.

Question 13

Laura takes her 1-year-old son,Jake,to visit a day care centre where she plans to enrol him.Jake eagerly explores the playroom if Laura is present.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,Jake becomes somewhat upset,but when Laura returns,he quickly calms down.What type of attachment relationship likely exists between mother and son in this example

Accepted Answer

In this example, Jake is happy and explorative when his mother is present, indicating that he has a secure attachment to his mother. His distress when she leaves and quick calming when she returns is also characteristic of a secure attachment style. Avoidant attachment would be shown by indifference to the mother leaving, while an anxious-ambivalent attachment would be displayed by continuing distress even when the mother returned. An undeveloped attachment would typically be seen in infants who are too young to have formed a clear attachment relationship.

Question 14

Which factor seems to be most important for attachment,based on evidence from Harlow's studies of attachment between infant monkeys and their substitute mothers

Accepted Answer

Harlow's studies showed that the infant monkeys formed attachments with the substitute mothers that provided them with comfort, even if those mothers did not provide them with food. This suggests that the need for comfort and security may be the most important factor in attachment, rather than just meeting basic physiological needs like hunger or thirst.

Question 15

In the middle childhood years,what tends to be associated with the children who have the best social skills and the richest friendship networks

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children who had secure attachments to their caregivers during infancy are more likely to have better social skills and form richer friendship networks during middle childhood. A secure attachment provides a foundation for developing a sense of trust and security in relationships, which can translate to positive social interactions with peers. The other choices (A, C, D) have not been consistently found to be associated with social skills or friendship networks in middle childhood.

Question 16

Which basic characteristic is developed in the first stage of development (birth to one year),according to Erikson

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage is trust versus mistrust, which occurs from birth to one year old. During this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on the consistency and nurturing they receive. This stage is critical for the development of basic trust, which serves as a foundation for later stages of development.

Question 17

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points.What are these turning points called

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around psychosocial crises, which are potential turning points that can lead to either successful or unsuccessful outcomes. These crises involve conflicts between an individual's internal psychological needs and external social demands and expectations. Successfully navigating these crises is thought to contribute to healthy development and the formation of a strong sense of identity.

Question 18

What is the adaptive value of attachment processes,according to evolutionary theorists

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theorists suggest that attachment processes have adaptive value as children learn social and emotional skills needed for survival and reproduction. Secure attachment allows children to develop trust, self-esteem, and emotional regulation, which are essential for forming positive relationships and navigating social situations throughout their lives. Additionally, attachment promotes proximity-seeking behavior, which helps children stay safe and protected from potential harm.

Question 19

Jasmin takes her 1-year-old son,Randy,to visit a day care centre where she plans to enrol him.Randy eagerly explores the playroom,and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,he shows no signs of concern.When Jasmin returns,he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected.What type of attachment relationship does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

Randy's behavior indicates an avoidant attachment style, as he shows no concern when his mother leaves and little interest when she returns, suggesting he has learned to avoid seeking comfort or showing distress in her presence.

Question 20

Jerry is eight months old.What fundamental question is Jerry dealing with at this point in his life,based on Erikson's theory of personality development

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, at eight months old, Jerry is in the stage of "trust vs. mistrust." During this stage, infants are trying to determine if the world around them is predictable and if their needs will consistently be met. Therefore, the fundamental question Jerry is dealing with is "Is my world predictable and supportive?" (Option A)

Quiz 11: A: Human Development Across the Life Span