Question 1

According to Maslow,if someone's needs are not satisfied at a particular level of the hierarchy,what happens

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that if an individual's needs are not satisfied at a particular level, they will regress to lower-level needs that are easier to satisfy.

Question 2

Etienne,a university student,is very interested in his courses and is planning on attending graduate school in psychology.Which type of need has Etienne probably NOT yet satisfied

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest level of psychological development where an individual realizes their full potential. Since Etienne is still planning on attending graduate school to further his education, it suggests he is still working towards fulfilling his potential, indicating that he has not yet satisfied his need for self-actualization.

Question 3

Which psychologist's theory of personality uses both conditioning principles and inherited differences in physiological functioning to explain how heredity is linked to personality

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck's theory of personality suggests that inherited differences in physiological functioning (such as arousal level and sensitivity to stimuli) interact with conditioning principles (classical and operant conditioning) to shape an individual's personality. This theory is known as the biological theory of personality.

Question 4

According to Carl Rogers,what childhood experience tends to cause people to develop an incongruent self-concept as a result of their parents' behaviours

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that when a child receives conditional affection from their parents, such as only being loved or praised when they behave in certain ways, they may develop an incongruent self-concept. This means that the child's self-concept does not match their actual experiences and emotions because they are constantly trying to meet the conditions set by their parents to receive love and acceptance. This can lead to feelings of anxiety, low self-esteem, and a lack of authenticity in their relationships.

Question 5

Elena describes herself as awkward and scatter-brained,but her co-workers and clients see her as competent and skilled.What would Carl Rogers say about Elena's self-concept

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers would say that Elena's self-concept is incongruent because there is a discrepancy between her perception of herself and how others perceive her. Her self-description as awkward and scatter-brained does not align with the feedback she has received from others, indicating a lack of congruence between her self-image and reality.

Question 6

What is a component of both Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Rogers's person-centred theory

Accepted Answer

Both Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Rogers's person-centred theory involve the concept of defence mechanisms, which are psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image.

Question 7

Ari is successful in his career,has a rewarding family life,and feels like he has achieved his goals in life.He is very satisfied with his accomplishments and finds his life very fulfilling.According to Maslow,what has Ari attained

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-actualization at the top, which is characterized by achieving one's potential and feeling fulfilled. Ari's success in his career, rewarding family life, and feeling accomplished suggest that he has attained self-actualization.

Question 8

What is a common criticism of humanistic theories of personality

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theories are often criticized for being overly optimistic about human nature, assuming that people are inherently good and driven by a desire for personal growth.

Question 9

At what age did Freud believe that personality was formed

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the core of personality is formed by the age of 5, through the progression of the psychosexual stages of development.

Question 10

Chelsey is a student who is very focused on developing her skills and seeking out new experiences.Her favourite classes are the ones that involve a lot of discussion,where she can hear others' viewpoints and really challenge her own beliefs.According to Maslow,what level of needs is Chelsey addressing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chelsey is a student who is very...

Question 11

What personality trait was a focus of both Eysenck's and Jung's personality theories

Accepted Answer

Both Eysenck and Jung included extraversion as a key personality trait in their theories. Eysenck's model proposed that extraversion was associated with sociability, impulsivity, and assertiveness, while Jung saw extraversion as related to external focus and orientation towards the world.

Question 12

Amanda describes herself as intelligent,friendly,and responsible.Amanda's family,friends,and teachers all agree that she shows those qualities.What would Carl Rogers say about Amanda's self-concept

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed in the concept of congruence, which means that a person's self-concept is in alignment with their actual experiences and feelings. In this case, Amanda's self-concept of being intelligent, friendly, and responsible is consistent with how her family, friends, and teachers perceive her. Therefore, her self-concept is congruent according to Rogers.

Question 13

Sandra is an easygoing person who is very mature and responsible in many aspects of her life,but also very lighthearted and silly at times.She thinks very rationally when making some decisions,and makes other decisions based on her "gut feelings." According to Maslow,which of the following terms applies to Sandra's personality

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, a person who is mature, responsible, yet can be lighthearted and silly, and makes decisions both rationally and intuitively, demonstrates characteristics of self-actualization, which is considered a sign of a healthy personality.

Question 14

Who stated,"It's as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half"

Accepted Answer

This quote is attributed to Abraham Maslow, a prominent humanistic psychologist who believed in exploring the positive aspects of psychology instead of just focusing on what is wrong. Maslow is known for developing the concept of self-actualization, which is the idea that individuals strive to achieve their full potential and live their best lives. He was critical of Freudian psychoanalysis and believed that it was too focused on treating psychopathology rather than promoting psychological health and wellbeing.

Question 15

Mitchell sees himself as a great writer,with very clever ideas.He receives feedback on a paper he wrote for a course and his professor wrote on it that the paper was sloppy,hard to read,and not very original.According to Rogers,what reaction will Mitchell be likely to experience because of this feedback

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers, when there is a discrepancy between one's self-concept and external feedback, it can lead to anxiety. Mitchell's self-concept as a great writer is challenged by the professor's feedback, likely causing anxiety.

Question 16

What term did Abraham Maslow use for the need to fulfill one's potential

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow used the term "self-actualization" to describe the need for individuals to fulfill their potential and achieve personal growth. This is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which states that individuals must meet certain basic needs (such as physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem) before they can reach the level of self-actualization.

Question 17

What is a strength of humanistic theories of personality

Accepted Answer

The humanistic theories of personality place an emphasis on the subjective experiences and perceptions of individuals, rather than solely focusing on objective reality, which can lead to a better understanding of an individual's unique personality and experiences.

Question 18

According to Abraham Maslow,after people satisfy their needs for knowledge and achievement,what will they next become concerned with

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, after satisfying cognitive needs (knowledge and achievement), individuals become concerned with aesthetic needs, which involve the appreciation of beauty, balance, and form.

Question 19

Min has enough food to eat and has a safe place to live.Her life is relatively stable and predictable.Now that she has those needs taken care of,which needs would become a priority for Min,according to Maslow

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once physiological needs (such as food and shelter) are met, the next level of needs that individuals seek to fulfill are safety needs, followed by social needs, which include love and friendship.

Question 20

Stella gets average grades in school.She knows that her parents really value high grades,so even though she doesn't really care about grades herself,she feels quite guilty about not working harder and not getting higher marks.According to Higgins's self-discrepancy theory,which discrepancy is Stella experiencing

Accepted Answer

Stella is experiencing a discrepancy between her actual self (average grades) and her ought self (the standards or expectations she believes her parents have for her). Higgins's self-discrepancy theory suggests that this type of discrepancy can lead to feelings of guilt, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

Quiz 12: B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment