Question 1

An infant is lying in a crib watching and listening to a colorful mobile.Which of the following statements is correct concerning a mobile for an infant?

Accepted Answer

The mobile is providing the stimulation necessary for continued growth and development because both auditory and visual stimuli are necessary to promote growth and development.Additionally, soft sounds and voices are soothing to infants.

Question 2

A new young mother asks the nurse what she should do to play with her 3-month-old infant.Which of the following suggestions should the nurse provide?

Accepted Answer

Three-month-old infants cannot yet walk.Parental stimulation of the infant is an important developmental technique.The infant needs stimulation to learn about the world.This activity does not require expensive objects, but rather involves experiences in sight, sound, and touch that are free and can be provided by any parent.One example of a stimulating experience for infants is being rocked in a rocking chair.Infants who are 3 months old will hold toys, but not actively reach for them; thus surrounding the infant with toys would not be suggested.

Question 3

The mother of an 8-month-old asks what the minimum recommended amount of fat intake is for her infant.Which of the following would be the minimum recommended fat intake?

Accepted Answer

Fats for infants should include 31 g/day for the first six months of life, and 30 g/day during the second six months of life that constitute about (40% to 50% of calories) are recommended for infants.This quantity is present in human milk and in all formulas prepared for infants.Breast milk and formulas provide approximately 50% of their calories as fat.Significantly lower intakes, such as in skim milk feedings, can result in an inadequate energy intake.

Question 4

By what age is an infant's retina fully developed?

Accepted Answer

Rod cells in the retina of the eyes, which are responsible for light perception, are functional at birth; however, the retina (the organ of visual perception) is not fully developed until approximately 4 months of age.

Question 5

Where do most accidents occur?

Accepted Answer

Accidents occur in many situations: in the home, outside, on the playground, and in automobiles.However, most accidents occur in the home.

Question 6

A nurse is developing an educational program about SIDS for a new mothers' support group in the community.Which of the following information would be included in this presentation?

Accepted Answer

Through the Back to Sleep program, developed by the AAP, there have been a lower number of infant deaths from SIDS.This has encouraged the supine sleeping position.One of the consequences of the supine sleeping position is plagiocephaly (occipital flattening).The primary intervention to decrease the risk of plagiocephaly is "tummy time." Parents should be instructed to allow supervised tummy time while the infant is awake and cautioned about the amount of time their infant spends in a car seat.SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants 28 to 365 days of age.By definition, the cause of SIDS is not known.

Question 7

A delivery room nurse senses disappointment when a mother is told she just delivered a baby girl.Which of the following would be the most therapeutic response by the nurse?

Accepted Answer

The gender of the infant, a major concern of many expectant parents, may well influence parental relationships and expectations.The infant's gender can evoke disappointment; in some cases, a woman may feel disappointed in a girl because she knows that her husband wanted a boy.Today, the trend is to want one child of each gender.Because of the availability in America of better forms of contraception and economic factors such as the expense of raising children, most couples are having fewer children today when compared with the 1950s.The importance and stress of producing the "right-sex" infant is evident.Being the "wrong sex" can, combined with other factors, place an infant at risk for child abuse.The parents may find fault with and place blame on the infant for not meeting this expectation.The nurse should respond by saying, "Yes, you just delivered a healthy, beautiful baby girl." This response provides information that will help increase the mother's acceptance of having a girl rather than a boy.Acceptance and bonding are important in preventing child abuse.The fact that the mother appeared disappointed should be acknowledged with a positive comment.

Question 8

A nurse visits a 3-month-old infant of a single mother for a weight check.She finds two older children running around the home, the infant is crying, the mother yelling at the two children and a half-lit cigarette is in an ashtray.The mother tells the nurse the visit needs to be cut short today because she has to pick up her other children from the bus stop.Which of the following would be the most beneficial intervention this nurse can provide during this visit?

Accepted Answer

Abusing parents are often socially isolated and have few people to whom they can turn during times of crisis; they also cannot support one another emotionally.The most beneficial intervention the nurse can provide is to keep the visit short, weigh the infant, and offer the mother the help of community services.Threatening the mother with a call to child protective services sets up an adversarial relationship, which is neither beneficial to the child nor the mother.If the nurse feels that the home situation rises to the level of notifying child protective services, she would do so without making threats or stipulations.Neither staying behind in the home nor picking the older children up at the bus stop represents professional nursing activity.Both have legal ramifications and would be inappropriate.

Question 9

Which of the following infants is most at risk to experience child abuse?

Accepted Answer

Because the parents' self-esteem is associated closely with their infant's interactions and accomplishments, when parents' self-esteem is low, disappointment, anger, and a disturbance in the relationship with their infant can occur.In some instances this disturbed parent-infant relationship is short-lived and nothing harmful develops.When a disturbed parent-infant relationship continues, however, the infant is at risk for abuse and behavior problems.The process of paternal engrossment has been used to describe the behavior patterns of fathers when they interact with their infants.Responding to parental touch is a normal response and does not portend abuse.Similarly being adopted is not a risk factor for abuse.

Question 10

A nurse is working with a family of an infant to improve their health perception and health management pattern.Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate for the nurse to implement?

Accepted Answer

Health is largely a subjective judgment.With this understanding, the nurse uses every opportunity to convey confidence in the parents' health perception-health management pattern and their ability to act to enhance the infant's health.When parents learn and adopt behaviors to improve their own health, they are more likely to ensure that the health needs of their infant are met.Parental modeling increases the changes that good health practices will be retained throughout the child's life.

Question 11

During a home visit, the nurse finds a 9-month-old in a playpen with a couple of toys.Which of the following instructions would be most appropriate for the nurse to provide to the parent to encourage growth and development of the child?

Accepted Answer

Anticipatory Guidance: Knowledge of developmental landmarks allows the nurse to guide parents in proper play and stimulation for infants.Handing a 15-month-old child a ball and placing the child in a fenced-in back yard to play is not enough.These activities must provide interpersonal contact, activity, and exercise.Activity and exercise through stimulation and play are extremely important for adequate and healthy development.Buying expensive toys is unnecessary; common household items, such as pots, pans, lids, and spoons, provide excellent objects for play purposes.Parental stimulation of the infant is an important developmental technique; the infant needs stimulation to learn about the world.The nurse should encourage the mother to provide the infant with supervised time outside of the playpen to allow the child to crawl and explore.Parental stimulation is important.These activities help promote growth and development.Additionally, by 9 months of age, most infants are crawling and need opportunity to exercise this developmental skill.

Question 12

The nurse performs a home visit for a new mother and infant.The nurse observes that the infant lacks a regular feeding schedule, has diapers that are not changed promptly, and cries for long periods of time before being consoled.Which of the following problems is the infant most at risk for encountering in the future?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory is concerned primarily with a series of tasks or crises that each individual must resolve before encountering the next one.The central task during infancy is the development of a sense of trust versus mistrust.This occurs when adults meet an infant's basic needs for survival.Establishing this basic trust or mistrust determines the manner in which the infant approaches all future stages of growth.The infant may have difficulty forming relationships in the future because trust influences future relationships.By attending to the infant's needs, parents are helping the infant develop trust in them.Not having his needs attended to hinders that developmental task.

Question 13

The mother of a 4-month-old infant is concerned about the possibility of SIDS because her neighbor's daughter passed away last year as a result of SIDS.The mother reports she is so nervous that she has taken up smoking again.The mother informs you that the 4-month-old sleeps supine and takes a pacifier to help her fall asleep.Which of the following statements would be the best response from the nurse?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral risk factors identified in epidemiological studies include prone and side sleeping positions, preterm birth and/or infant low birth weight, smoke exposure, soft bedding, bed sharing, not breastfeeding, and overheating.Considering using a pacifier during sleep once breastfeeding is established.In the interest of preventing SIDS, keep the infant away from smokers and places where people smoke; sleep with the infant in the same room where you sleep, but not the same bed (bed sharing is contraindicated) for the first 6 months.Pacifiers are not contraindicated and can appropriately be offered at nap time and bedtime.

Question 14

A nurse is assessing a 4-month-old infant during a well-child visit.Which of the following findings will require the nurse to collect additional information?

Accepted Answer

One of the passive manifestations of abuse includes poor nutrition, failure to thrive, and severe malnutrition.Weight gain of 1 pound in 2 months indicates a problem with the infant's growth and requires further data collection by the nurse.The other assessment findings are normal growth and development for a 4-month-old infant.

Question 15

A nurse is completing a home visit of a new mother who is breastfeeding her infant.Which of the following instructions should the nurse provide during this visit?

Accepted Answer

Community nurses who are caring for breastfeeding mothers should stress the following tips to increase the duration of this activity: drink 1 quart of fluids daily to produce sufficient quantity of breast milk; consume 300 to 400 kcal/day above pre-pregnancy energy intake to avoid excessive weight loss.Expose nipples to air after each feeding and allow some breast milk to dry on nipples for their lubricating and anti-infective properties.

Question 16

A nurse is assessing the language development of a 6-month-old infant.Which of the following findings would the nurse anticipate?

Accepted Answer

Cooing sounds are heard at approximately 2 to 3 months, usually in response to an adult's voice.By 6 months, babbling sounds are heard, and by 9 to 10 months, the infant forms two-syllable sounds.By 12 months, words such as "ma-ma," "bye-bye," and "da-da" are emerging.From 15 to 18 months, an expressive jargon with rhythmic intonations develops, but words are recognized only rarely.The infant uses jargon along with pointing to express wishes.

Question 17

A nurse is completing a well-child assessment of a 6-month-old infant.Which of the following guidelines should be used when assessing the infant's height and weight?

Accepted Answer

The CDC recommends that health care providers use the WHO growth standards to monitor growth for infants and children ages 0 to 2 years of age in the United States and use the CDC growth charts for children age 2 years and older in the United States.

Question 18

A mother asks the nurse when she should start feeding her infant solid foods.Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the nurse?

Accepted Answer

The AAP and WHO recommend that waiting until the child is 6 months of age to introduce solid food decreases the tendency to develop food allergies and reduce the risk of childhood obesity.The decision to start solid foods at 4 to 6 months of age is based more on neuromuscular and developmental readiness of the infant than on any hard scientific data, but research does validate the lowered risk of developing food allergies if solid foods are not introduced until 6 months of age.

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning infant nutrition is correct?

Accepted Answer

Supplemental water is not necessary, even in hot, dry climates.The sources of water are fluids (primarily milk) and food; most strained foods are 75% to 85% water.Most infant diets, without supplementation, meet the basic water requirement.Recommended protein requirements are 9/day during the first 6 months and 11g per day during the second 6 months.No more than 20% of an infant's daily energy requirement should come from protein because they are not able to process and excrete the excess nitrogen from higher protein diets.Breast milk and formulas provide approximately 50% of their calories as fat.Significantly lower intakes, such as in skim milk feedings, can result in an inadequate energy intake.

Question 20

A new mother has decided to breastfeed her infant after having bottle-fed her other two children.Which of the following information about having a breast-fed infant should the nurse discuss with the mother?

Accepted Answer

A breast-fed infant's stools have an orange-yellow color and a soft, even consistency, with a slightly sour but clean smell, dissimilar to stools passed later in life.A bottle-fed infant's stools are harder, smellier, and resemble those of an infant eating solid food.The breast-fed infant has many daily stools during the first and second months of life.The bottle-fed infant has two to four stools per day during the first month.

Quiz 17: Infant