Question 1

The evolutionary perspective gives greater insight into the question of _____ or why we may help someone even if it puts us at an apparent disadvantage.

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary perspective suggests that altruism, or helping behavior that puts us at a disadvantage, may have developed as a means of increasing the survival and reproduction of our genes. By helping those who share our genes, we may be increasing the likelihood that those genes will be passed on to future generations, even if it comes at a personal cost to us.

Question 2

Similar body movements, including gaze aversion, smiling, head movement, self-touching, and grooming are seen in nonhuman primates in appeasement displays, in which one individual seeks to pacify the other and keep the social bond intact; thus, the social emotion of _____ may have had its origins in appeasement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Similar body movements, including gaze aversion, smiling,...

Question 3

When the performance of a patient with damage to the limbic system was compared with performance of individuals without brain damage on a social-exchange problem and a social-protection problem, the result was that the patient performed worse on

Accepted Answer

The patient with damage to the limbic system performed worse on the social-exchange problem compared to individuals without brain damage. No information is given about the patient's performance on the social-protection problem, so it cannot be determined if the patient did worse or not on this problem. Therefore, options A, B and D can be ruled out.

Question 4

Kahneman and Tversky (1979) showed that people make economic decisions differently depending on whether the outcomes are _____ as either gains or losses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kahneman and Tversky (1979) showed that people...

Question 5

In the Wason card selection task, you should test the rule if P then Q by turning over cards representing

Accepted Answer

To test the rule "if P then Q," you need to check for cases where the rule could be violated. Turning over the P card checks if Q follows P, as expected. Turning over the not-Q card checks if there's a P where there shouldn't be, indicating a violation of the rule.

Question 6

Simon suggested that one could learn about human decision making by noting how the environment in which these decisions must be made can allow for simplifications in adaptive decision making. _____ was the term he chose to reflect this process lying between the rational and the psychological.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Simon suggested that one could learn about...

Question 7

When a graphic version of the Wason card selection task was presented to the Shiwiar, an isolated group inhabiting the Ecadorian Amazon, they performed _____ Harvard undergraduates in their ability to detect violations of social requirements, that is, to detect cheaters.

Accepted Answer

The sentence implies that the Shiwiar performed at a similar level to Harvard undergraduates in their ability to detect violations, indicating that they were comparable in their ability. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Options A, B, and D are not supported by the information given in the sentence.

Question 8

_____ is cooperation for mutual benefit; examples include economic trades, reciprocal gift giving, and helping with the expectation that someday the favor will be returned.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is cooperation for mutual benefit; examples...

Question 9

_____ are methods that help humans perform mental tasks with minimum effort; they can provide an alternative to complex algorithms, and they can be computed so quickly they often operate outside of awareness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ are methods that help humans perform...

Question 10

If social exchange has been important over our evolutionary history, then we should be sensitive to those who accept benefits without fulfilling their side of the exchange. This assumed cognitive mechanism is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

The cheater detection module is a proposed cognitive mechanism that evolved to detect individuals who accept benefits without fulfilling their side of social exchanges. This is based on the idea of reciprocal altruism, which suggests that individuals in social groups engage in mutually beneficial exchanges to increase their fitness. Thus, the ability to detect cheaters would have been important for maintaining the stability of these exchanges over evolutionary history. The other choices (bounded rationality heuristic, hazard management system, social contract algorithm) are not directly related to this concept.

Question 11

Because guilt and shame involve transgression against the conventions of the group, they have been called _____ emotions. Feelings of sympathy and guilt have been seen to motivate cooperative behavior and altruism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because guilt and shame involve transgression against...

Question 12

In one version of the trolley problem, most people say it is OK to kill one person if that meant five people would be saved. This type of scenario is generally classified as _____ because most people agree with the moral decision.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one version of the trolley problem,...

Question 13

The _____ error occurs when someone explains the behaviors of another as due to personality characteristics but explains his or her own identical behaviors as due to situational factors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ error occurs when someone explains...

Question 14

In an experiment, pigeons were given the opportunity to press one button that would immediately give 2 seconds of access to a grain hopper or another button that would provide 4 seconds of access after a 4-second delay. The result was that almost all of the pigeons

Accepted Answer

Almost all of the pigeons chose the key that gave immediate access, indicating a preference for immediate gratification over delayed gratification.

Question 15

One distinction that has been made regarding the social emotions is that shame is associated with the desire to undo aspects of the self, whereas guilt involves the desire to undo aspects of

Accepted Answer

Guilt involves the desire to undo aspects of behavior, such as undoing the harm caused to others by one's actions. In contrast, shame is associated with the desire to undo aspects of the self, such as feeling flawed or inadequate as a person.

Question 16

Chimpanzees live in communities of around 150 individuals following a _____ pattern in which smaller subgroups are constructed and disbanded.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chimpanzees live in communities of around 150...

Question 17

If social exchange has been important throughout our evolutionary history, then we should be sensitive to those who accept benefits without fulfilling their side of the exchange; such an evolved cognitive mechanism is referred to as the _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If social exchange has been important throughout...

Question 18

It has been suggested by a number of researchers that the availability of _____ is one set of circumstances that reduces the incidence of killing.

Accepted Answer

When resources are plentiful, individuals do not need to compete as fiercely for food, water, and other necessities, reducing the likelihood of lethal conflict. In contrast, when resources are scarce, individuals may be more likely to engage in lethal behavior to gain access to those resources.

Question 19

In fMRI studies on decision making, increased activation in the _____ was associated with being risk averse in the "gain" frame and risk seeking in the "loss" frame; these results suggest that at the basis of the framing effect is an emotional or value-related response to keeping gains and taking risks when losses are perceived.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In fMRI studies on decision making, increased...

Question 20

When the Wason card selection task is framed as a social exchange problem, people selected the correct cards _____ times more often than when the problems were presented in a logic format.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that when the Wason card selection task is framed as a social exchange problem, people selected the correct cards three times more often than when the problems were presented in a logic format. So, the best choice is B.

Quiz 12: Making Social Decisions