Question 1

Critics of affirmative action argue that selecting police officers based on their race or gender does not violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act and is discriminatory.

Accepted Answer

Critics of affirmative action argue that selecting police officers based on their race or gender is discriminatory because it goes against the fundamental principle of equal treatment regardless of race or gender, which is outlined in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Therefore, selecting based on race or gender would be a violation of the Act.

Question 2

The number of Hispanic American officers has increased significantly in the last two decades, as has their percentage in the general population.

Accepted Answer

According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the number of Hispanic American officers has increased from 12,000 in 1997 to 58,000 in 2016. Additionally, the Hispanic American population has grown from 12.6% of the U.S. population in 2000 to 18.5% in 2020, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Therefore, both the number and percentage of Hispanic American officers have increased in the last two decades.

Question 3

Academic research has shown that female officers can do patrol work effectively and are well received by the public.

Accepted Answer

Academic research has consistently shown that female officers perform just as well as male officers in patrol work and are often seen as more empathetic and approachable by the public.

Question 4

Homosexuals have not been discriminated against in police hiring practices.

Accepted Answer

Historically, homosexuals faced discrimination in police hiring practices, as they were often subjected to psychological evaluations and background checks that focused on their sexual orientation. However, in recent years, many police departments have lifted these discriminatory policies and have worked towards implementing more inclusive hiring practices.

Question 5

According to your text, which racial group despite efforts is poorly represented in law enforcement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to your text, which racial group...

Question 6

The United States has a long history of job discrimination against women and minorities.

Accepted Answer

The United States has a history of job discrimination against women and minorities, including African Americans, Asians, Latinos, Native Americans, and individuals with disabilities. This discrimination has included unequal pay, lack of access to promotions and leadership positions, and systemic barriers to entry into certain fields. While progress has been made in recent decades, disparities still exist, and there is ongoing work to ensure equal opportunities in employment for all individuals.

Question 7

The most prevalent form of discrimination has been:

Accepted Answer

De facto discrimination refers to discrimination that occurs as a result of societal or systemic factors, rather than intentional or explicit discrimination. This type of discrimination is the most prevalent because it is often hidden and difficult to identify and address compared to other forms such as separate job titles or disparate recruiting.

Question 8

The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination is called:

Accepted Answer

The concept described is affirmative action, which refers to policies and programs that encourage or require employers to actively seek out and hire individuals from underrepresented groups, such as women and minorities, to redress past discrimination and promote diversity in the workplace. Reverse discrimination and adverse impact are related concepts, but they refer to unintended consequences of affirmative action policies, such as hiring or promoting individuals based on their race or gender rather than their qualifications. De facto opportunity is not a commonly used term in the context of employment discrimination or affirmative action.

Question 9

The requirement that officers not be less than a certain height (height requirement) was probably the strongest example of discrimination against women candidates.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Height requirements were a common form of discrimination against women candidates in law enforcement, as they often excluded many qualified women who did not meet the minimum height requirement.

Question 10

In 1968, the Chicago Police Department assigned Barbara Blankenbaker and Susan Conick to patrol.They were the first females to wear a uniform and a gun belt and to drive a marked patrol car responding to calls for service on an equal basis with men.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In 1968, the Chicago Police Department assigned...

Question 11

The first African American police officer was appointed in what city?

Accepted Answer

The first African American police officer was appointed in the city of New Orleans in 1867.

Question 12

Recent years have seen a significant increase in the numbers of women in administrative positions and serving as chiefs and sheriffs.

Accepted Answer

There has been a notable increase in the number of women serving as administrators, chiefs, and sheriffs in recent years.

Question 13

The Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job-related was:

Accepted Answer

Griggs v. Duke Power Company established that employment requirements must be job-related and that any employment practices that disproportionately exclude minorities or women must be justified by business necessity. This case set the precedent for anti-discrimination laws and affirmative action policies in hiring.

Question 14

Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was not one...

Question 15

The Supreme Court decision in Griggs v.Duke Power Company established the concept that job requirements must be job related-they must be necessary for the performance of the job a person is applying for.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately describes the concept established by the Supreme Court decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Company.

Question 16

In 1910, the nation's first "officially designated" policewoman was:

Accepted Answer

Alice Stebbins Wells was officially designated as the first policewoman in the United States in 1910 by the Los Angeles Police Department. She paved the way for other women to enter law enforcement as well. Nora Jean Wilson, Hazel L. Davis, and Ruth Smith were not the first officially designated policewomen in the United States.

Question 17

The percentages of women in law enforcement today are now near the 50 percent that women represent in society.

Accepted Answer

While the percentage of women in law enforcement has increased in recent years, it has not yet reached the same level as women's representation in society. As of 2019, women accounted for about 13.4 percent of full-time sworn law enforcement officers in the United States.

Question 18

The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is the concept of quotas in hiring minorities.

Accepted Answer

Quotas have been a controversial method of ending job discrimination because they require a certain percentage of a company's workforce to be made up of minorities, which some argue is unfair to non-minority candidates who may be more qualified for the job.

Question 19

In 1910, _____ appointed the nation's first "officially designated" policewoman.

Accepted Answer

Los Angeles appointed Alice Stebbins Wells as the nation's first "officially designated" policewoman in 1910.

Question 20

As late as the mid-1970s, women were often still allowed to work only with juvenile offenders, and in many cities female officers could not ride in patrol cars after dark.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Women's roles in law enforcement were historically limited and they faced discriminatory policies and practices. It wasn't until the 1970s and 1980s that women began to break down barriers and gain more widespread acceptance and opportunities within the field.

Quiz 7: Minorities in Policing