Question 1

Aversive treatments are prescribed to

Accepted Answer

Aversive treatments are specifically designed to make ingesting the abused substance extremely unpleasant, with the hope that the person will avoid the substance in the future. Options A, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of aversive treatments.

Question 2

In trying to understand why some individuals become addicted to anxiolytics and others do not, it is important to consider the negative reinforcement that is associated with the drug's ability to

Accepted Answer

Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety drugs) are known to reduce anxiety and produce a calming effect. This reduction in anxiety serves as negative reinforcement for individuals who may be struggling with anxiety disorders or other conditions that cause anxiety. Therefore, individuals who experience strong anxiety relief when taking anxiolytics may be at a higher risk for developing an addiction, as they may continue to use the drug to avoid or alleviate anxiety symptoms. The other answer choices, such as producing a "high," relieving pain, or metabolizing quickly, are not traditionally associated with anxiolytics and are not necessarily predictors of addiction to these drugs.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of the agonist substitution type of treatment for substance abuse?

Accepted Answer

Both A and B are examples of the agonist substitution type of treatment for substance abuse. Methadone is a synthetic opioid that can reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings for heroin, while nicotine patches and gum provide a controlled dose of nicotine to help smokers quit their addiction.

Question 4

The integration of both positive and negative reinforcement in explaining why the "crash" that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use is called

Accepted Answer

The opponent-process theory explains that drug use results in both a positive euphoric state and a negative withdrawal state, and that over time the negative state becomes stronger and longer-lasting. This can lead to a cycle of using drugs to avoid the negative state rather than to seek the positive state, which is not a deterrent to further drug use.

Question 5

Viewing drug use as _____________ leads to __________ those afflicted with the disorder.

Accepted Answer

Viewing drug use as a moral weakness often leads to punishing those afflicted with the disorder, as it is perceived as a choice or a failure of character rather than a medical issue.

Question 6

Two views of substance-related disorders characterize contemporary thought: the moral weakness and the disease models of dependence. According to your textbook, which is the best way to understand substance-related disorders?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two views of substance-related disorders characterize contemporary...

Question 7

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the opponent-process explanation of drug addiction?

Accepted Answer

The opponent-process theory suggests that an increase in positive feelings due to drug use will be followed by an increase in negative feelings, and vice versa, as the body attempts to maintain homeostasis. This cycle can contribute to addiction as individuals continue using the drug to avoid the negative feelings or to re-experience the positive ones.

Question 8

The "pleasure pathways" or internal reward centers in the human brain are primarily made up of

Accepted Answer

The pleasure pathways or internal reward centers in the human brain are primarily made up of dopamine-sensitive neurons. These neurons release dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is associated with pleasure, reward, and motivation. When these neurons are activated, they send signals to other parts of the brain to reinforce certain behaviors or actions that may have led to the release of dopamine.

Question 9

Substance abuse and substance dependence are

Accepted Answer

In the DSM-5, substance abuse and substance dependence were combined into a single diagnosis: Substance Use Disorder. This change was made to better reflect the continuum of severity that exists in substance use disorders and to simplify the diagnostic process by eliminating the distinction between abuse and dependence.

Question 10

Jamie, who expects to be less inhibited when she drinks alcohol, will act less inhibited whether she actually drinks alcohol or drinks a placebo she thinks is alcohol. This phenomenon is called

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as the expectancy effect, where a person's expectations about the effects of a substance can influence their behavior and experiences, even if the substance itself is not present or does not have the expected effects. The other options (B, C, and D) are not relevant to this phenomenon.

Question 11

After studying the text, you now should understand that the integrative approach to substance abuse is

Accepted Answer

The integrative approach recognizes that substance abuse can have multiple and different causes for any particular individual, including genetic, neurobiological, and psychological factors. Therefore, it seeks to understand and address all of these potential factors in order to provide comprehensive treatment for substance abuse. Options A, B, and C are all too narrow in their focus and do not encompass the complexity of substance abuse.

Question 12

In behavioral terms, drugs like aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement is when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. In this case, taking aspirin removes the unpleasant stimulus of pain, which strengthens the behavior of taking aspirin.

Question 13

The drug opiate-antagonist naltrexone is a treatment for substance abuse that works by

Accepted Answer

Naltrexone works by counteracting the effects of opiates and producing withdrawal symptoms. It blocks the opiate receptors in the brain, which prevents the user from experiencing the pleasurable effects of the drug, while also producing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if opiates are used. This helps to deter the user from continuing to use opiates and can aid in substance abuse treatment.

Question 14

The field of research that studies how genes work to affect addiction is called

Accepted Answer

The field of research that studies how genes work to affect addiction is called functional genomics. Functional genomics involves the study of how genes are expressed and their impact on an individual's traits or behaviors. This field is particularly relevant to addiction research because certain genes have been found to influence an individual's susceptibility to addiction and their response to treatment.

Question 15

In the 1950s, James Olds used electrical stimulation on the brains of rats and discovered

Accepted Answer

James Olds discovered the pleasure center of the brain through his experiments with electrical stimulation on rats in the 1950s.

Question 16

Yesterday you asked your friend Ray for a couple of aspirin tablets to relieve your headache. Ray has been taking a psychology course and informs you that, in behavioral terms, aspirin is a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcers are stimuli that, when removed after a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again in the future. Aspirin is taken to relieve pain, which is an aversive stimulus. Therefore, it acts as a negative reinforcer because taking aspirin removes the aversive stimulus (pain), which increases the likelihood of taking aspirin again in the future.

Question 17

The neurotransmitter GABA plays what role in drug use and addiction?

Accepted Answer

GABA acts as the "brain police" by inhibiting the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. Drugs of abuse, such as opioids and benzodiazepines, increase the release of GABA, leading to a decrease in dopamine release and a decrease in feelings of pleasure. This can result in dependence on the drug to sustain normal levels of dopamine release.

Question 18

Many drugs provide escape from physical pain, from stress, or from panic and anxiety. This phenomenon has been explored under a number of different names, including all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The three options listed (self-medication, tension reduction, and negative affect) are all commonly used to describe the phenomenon of using drugs to escape from pain or anxiety. "Withdrawal escapism" is not a commonly used term to describe this behavior.

Question 19

One of the parental factors that appears to contribute significantly to early adolescent drug use is

Accepted Answer

Parents who spend little time monitoring their children are more likely to have children who experiment with drugs, as the lack of monitoring provides opportunities for the adolescents to engage in drug use without the knowledge or intervention of their parents.

Question 20

Which of the following drugs is known to have an anxiolytic effect?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is known to have an anxiolytic effect, meaning it can reduce anxiety and promote feelings of relaxation. However, it is important to note that excessive alcohol use can have negative long-term effects on mental health and overall well-being.

Quiz 10: Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders