Question 1

_______________ is simply a term that involves improvements of the community structure and landscape to deter the likelihood of criminal offending in that given area.

Accepted Answer

Environmental crime prevention involves improving the physical environment to reduce the opportunity for crime. This can include measures such as installing better lighting, adding security cameras, or increasing the visibility of public spaces.

Question 2

_______________ theory holds that when individuals are labeled as criminals they will become stabilized in those roles, developing criminal identities that separate them from the mainstream population and exclude them from conventional roles.

Accepted Answer

The theory described is the labeling theory, which suggests that when individuals are labeled as criminals, it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy and they develop a criminal identity that sets them apart from society. This theory emphasizes the negative effects of labeling individuals as deviant or criminal, which can further push them towards criminal behavior. Options A, B, and D are not relevant to the theory described.

Question 3

Restorative justice considers the victims, communities, and offenders (in that order) as participants in the justice process.These participants are placed in active roles to work together to do the following:

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice aims to involve victims, communities, and offenders in the justice process to empower victims in their search for closure, impress upon offenders the real human impact of their behavior, and promote restitution to victims and communities. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct.

Question 4

The primary goal of _______________ is to hold young offenders accountable for their behavior while requiring reparation for the harm inflicted against the victim and the community. The basic theory behind the use of young people in court is that youths will respond better to prosocial peers than to adult authority figures.

Accepted Answer

The description of holding young offenders accountable and requiring reparation for harm inflicted on the victim and community aligns with the goals of teen courts, which involve youth offenders being judged by their peers. The reference to youths responding better to prosocial peers supports the use of teen courts in particular.

Question 5

The notion behind the premise of _______________ is that stigmatizing an offender is counterproductive to the reintegration process.The more stigmatizing the offense, the more likely the offender is to reoffend.

Accepted Answer

Reintegrative shaming is a theory that focuses on repairing the harm caused by an offender and reintegrating them into society rather than solely punishing them. The theory suggests that stigmatizing an offender can lead to feelings of rejection and isolation, which can ultimately lead to reoffending. Therefore, the goal is to shame the behavior, not the person, and provide opportunities for the offender to make amends and be reintegrated back into the community.

Question 6

_______________ is an approach to law enforcement that uses problem-solving strategies that involve community participants in the process.Community meetings, advisory boards, and other committee-based forms of civilian input are sought by both the police and the community supervision agency.This approach seeks to encourage a sense of community involvement in an effort to build a rapport with the community.

Accepted Answer

Community policing is the approach that uses problem-solving strategies involving active participation from community members. This approach emphasizes building relationships with the community to encourage collaboration between law enforcement and civilians in addressing neighborhood issues.

Question 7

The goal(s) of offender mediation include(s) the following:

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed are goals of offender mediation. Supporting the healing process of victims, allowing offenders to learn about the impact of their crimes, and providing an opportunity for the victim and offender to develop a mutually acceptable plan are all important components of offender mediation.

Question 8

_______________ refers to a sense of cohesion within a given community whereby citizens have close and interlocking relationships with one another.These relationships tend to cement the community together-psychologically, sociologically, and perhaps even spiritually.

Accepted Answer

Collective efficacy refers to the sense of cohesiveness and interconnectedness within a community, which can lead to increased social control, trust, and cooperation among community members. It is often linked with positive outcomes such as reduced crime rates and increased collective action to address social issues.

Question 9

_______________ techniques can be utilized to enhance the security of a given area, such as adding more effective street and business lighting, ensuring that business/domicile entry points are visible from other locations, ensuring effective placement of landscaping, parking, and/or fencing, etc.

Accepted Answer

Target-hardening is a set of techniques used to strengthen the security of a given area, making it more difficult for criminals to commit crimes. These techniques are aimed at reducing the opportunity for crime to occur by making it more challenging for criminals to access a target. Adding effective lighting, ensuring visible entry points, and effective placement of landscaping, parking, and fencing are examples of target-hardening techniques. Community policing, restorative circles, and victim-offender mediation are not related to enhancing the physical security of a given area.

Question 10

_______________ is a process by which offenders are held partially or fully accountable for the financial losses suffered by the victims of their crimes.It is typically ordered for property crimes or crimes where something of value was stolen or procured, such as with fraud, forgery, or theft.These types of payments may also be used to reimburse victims of violent crime for expenses related to their physical and mental health recovery.

Accepted Answer

Monetary restitution is the process by which offenders are held financially accountable for the losses suffered by their victims. This is typically ordered for property crimes or crimes where something of value was stolen or procured through fraudulent means. Restitution payments may also be used to reimburse victims of violent crimes for expenses related to their physical and mental health recovery. Community service (A) is a form of court-ordered community punishment, where the individual performs work within the community instead of serving time in jail. Direct service to victims (C) is a form of restorative justice where an offender works directly with the victim to make amends for the harm done. Family group conferences (D) are a restorative justice approach where the offender, victim, and support people come together to repair the harm done and work towards a resolution.

Question 11

_______________ is a type of reconciliation in which the offender and the victim meet in a supervised setting to determine how the offender can make restitution directly to the victim through the performance of some type of service.

Accepted Answer

Direct service to victims, also known as victim-offender mediation or victim-offender dialogue, is a form of restorative justice that involves the offender and the victim meeting to discuss the harm caused by the offense and determining a plan for the offender to make direct amends to the victim through some type of service, such as community service or repairing damage caused by the offense.

Question 12

_______________ calls for the improvement and upkeep of communities that are not well kept and/or maintained.Such communities convey a sense of chaos and disorganization, and this opens the door to problematic populations that thrive in such conditions.This thesis contends that neighborhood citizens can reduce crime, including recidivism, by improving the physical and structural elements of their community.

Accepted Answer

The statement refers to the Broken windows thesis, which proposes that visible signs of disorder and neglect, such as broken windows or uncollected trash, can create an environment that encourages criminal activity. By improving the physical aspects of a community, neighborhood citizens can help prevent crime and improve safety overall.

Question 13

_______________ is, in a general sense, a philosophy on justice that is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the traditional tasks of the criminal justice system-apprehension, conviction, and punishment.These approaches seek to improve the quality of life in a given community, and this is especially the case for communities that have been hard-hit by crime.

Accepted Answer

Community justice is the philosophy that seeks to improve the quality of life in a given community by going beyond the traditional tasks of the criminal justice system. This approach involves collaboration between the community and justice system to address underlying issues that lead to crime and finding solutions that promote healing, prevention and restoration in the community. This is especially important for communities that have been hard-hit by crime.

Question 14

According to your textbook authors, Hanser has provided (a) specific recommendation(s) that is/are expected to improve public safety, offender reintegration, and the plight of the victim.His recommendation(s) is/are as follows:

Accepted Answer

Hanser has recommended all three options for improving public safety, offender reintegration, and the plight of the victim. Concern for the victim(s) must remain paramount, the public must be educated on restorative justice and offender reentry, and high-risk offenders will need to be appropriately identified and supervised. These recommendations are expected to improve the criminal justice system and promote a safer society.

Question 15

_______________ is work performed by an offender for the benefit of the community as a component of the offender's sentence.It is one means by which the offender is held accountable and required to provide amends for the harm caused by his or her criminal conduct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________ is work performed by an offender...

Question 16

Restorative justice approaches to offender sanctioning seek to restore the ______________ to a similar level of functioning that existed prior to the commission of the criminal act.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice approaches aim to address the harm caused by a criminal act to all parties involved - the victim, the community, and the offender. The goal is to restore the relationships between the offender and the victim, as well as the offender and the community, and to help the offender reintegrate into society as a law-abiding citizen. Therefore, all options (victim, community, and offender) are included in the restoration process.

Question 17

_______________ are discussions that are facilitated and bring the victim, the victim's family, the offender, and the juvenile offender's family together to discuss the impact of a crime committed by the juvenile so that the group can decide how the juvenile is to be held accountable.

Accepted Answer

Family group conferences bring together various parties affected by a juvenile's crime to discuss the impact of the crime and the best way to hold the juvenile accountable. This approach emphasizes the offender taking responsibility for their actions and involves the community in the justice process.

Question 18

_______________ seeks to restore the victim and the community to its state of functioning prior to the criminal act, often involving numerous persons in the community in the reintegration of offenders and holding them accountable for their behavior.By bringing together victims, offenders, families, and other key stakeholders in a variety of settings, restorative justice helps offenders understand the implications of their actions and provides an opportunity for them to become reconnected to the community.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice seeks to restore the victim and the community to its state of functioning prior to the criminal act by involving numerous persons in the community in the reintegration of offenders and holding them accountable for their behavior. It brings together victims, offenders, families, and other key stakeholders in a variety of settings, helping offenders understand the implications of their actions and providing an opportunity for them to become reconnected to the community.

Question 19

_______________ are solution-based by nature focusing on the offender rather than the victim that are typically administered by a therapist.

Accepted Answer

Restorative circles are solution-based by nature focusing on the offender rather than the victim that are typically administered by a therapist.

Question 20

Borrowing from restorative justice ideology, both the victim and the offender play a crucial role in determining the outcome with _______________-that is, a sentence.A trained mediator serves as the official facilitator of the encounter.

Accepted Answer

Restorative circles and victim-offender mediation both involve the victim and the offender playing a role in determining the outcome, but victim-offender mediation specifically refers to a trained mediator facilitating the encounter and working with the parties to come to a sentence or resolution. Target-hardening and community policing are not related to this type of approach.

Quiz 3: When the Policy Becomes the Problem