Question 1

Organizing information into larger units as a way of improving the efficiency of short- term memory is called
A)chunking (recoding).
B)metamorphosis.
C)verbal labeling.
D)symbolization (imaging).

Accepted Answer

Chunking, also known as recoding, is the process of organizing information into larger units or chunks, which can improve the efficiency of short-term memory. This technique involves grouping individual pieces of information together into meaningful patterns or clusters, making it easier to remember and recall the information as needed.

Question 2

A single _____ could be made up of numbers, letters, words, phrases, or familiar sentences.
A)eidetic image
B)chunk
C)loci
D)icon

Accepted Answer

A chunk is a group of items that are stored together in memory as a single unit. It can be composed of numbers, letters, words, phrases, or sentences that are familiar or have a common meaning or purpose.

Question 3

Chunking and maintenance rehearsal are especially important for the improvement of _____ efficiency.
A)short-term memory
B)eidetic imagery
C)sensory memory
D)implicit memory

Accepted Answer

Chunking and maintenance rehearsal are both strategies that can improve the storage and retrieval of information in short-term memory. They help to increase the capacity of short-term memory and prevent information from quickly fading away. Eidetic imagery and sensory memory are related to the initial perception and processing of sensory information, while implicit memory refers to non-conscious memory processes.

Question 4

Regarding the space capacity of short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A)A few people can remember up to nine bits of information.
B)With some bits of information, five bits is the limit of storage capacity.
C)When all of the "slots" in STM are filled, there is no more room for new information.
D)All of these statements are true.

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are true. Recent studies suggest that the capacity of STM is limited to around four to nine items. This is commonly referred to as "Miller's Law". However, the amount of information that can be remembered may depend on the complexity of the information. For example, simple bits of information, such as single letters or numbers, may have a higher storage capacity than more complex information, such as words or sentences. When all of the "slots" in STM are filled, there is no more room for new information to be stored without first removing some of the old information.

Question 5

Nelson Cowan believes that short-term memory may actually hold only _____ items, unless some chunking has occurred.
A)two
B)four
C)eight
D)ten

Accepted Answer

According to Nelson Cowan, short-term memory may hold only four items unless chunking occurs.

Question 6

The type of rehearsal which keeps memories active in STM, but does not do very well in transferring those memories into LTM is
A)elaborative encoding.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)nonsense rehearsal.
D)chunking.

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal simply involves repeating information over and over to keep it in working memory. While this can help to hold information in STM, it does not do a very good job of transferring that information into LTM for long-term storage. Elaborative encoding involves actively engaging with and relating new information to existing knowledge in order to more effectively encode it into long-term memory, making it a better choice for transferring memories into LTM. Nonsense rehearsal is not a recognized term in the psychology of memory, and chunking is a technique for grouping information together in order to improve memory capacity, rather than a type of rehearsal.

Question 7

The more times a short-term memory is _____, the greater the chances of being stored in LTM.
A)rehearsed
B)reordered in a variety of ways
C)proactively cued
D)primed

Accepted Answer

Rehearsing information repeatedly helps to transfer it from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 8

_____ are made up of bits of information grouped into larger units.
A)Iconic memories
B)Digit spans
C)Information chunks
D)Memory traces

Accepted Answer

Information chunks refer to bits of information that are grouped together into larger, more meaningful units. This allows for more efficient storage and retrieval of information in memory. Iconic memories and memory traces are not directly related to the concept of information chunks, and digit spans are a measure of how many digits a person can hold in their short-term memory.

Question 9

Short-term memories can be prolonged by
A)counting aloud to prevent new input.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)brain stimulation.
D)proactive cueing.

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating or rehearsing information to keep it in short-term memory for longer periods of time. This is different from counting aloud (A) which can be a distraction from the current input, and proactive cueing (D) which involves using previous information to aid memory retrieval rather than prolonging the memory itself. Brain stimulation (C) may have some effects on memory but there is no clear evidence that it can prolong short-term memory. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 10

If the letters VCAFCBNLSBRC are rearranged into VCR-ABC-CBS-NFL, they become much easier to remember and store.This is because you're using a process called
A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)chunking.
C)method of loci.
D)the keyword system.

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping information into smaller units to make it easier to remember. In this case, the letters have been grouped into four familiar acronyms, which is a form of chunking.

Question 11

_____ reorganizes information into units that are already in LTM.
A)Chunking
B)Verbal metamorphosis
C)Serial positioning
D)Symbolization

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of reorganizing information into smaller, familiar units that are already in long-term memory. This can make it easier to remember and retrieve information, as our brains are better at processing and storing smaller bits of information rather than larger, less organized chunks. Verbal metamorphosis, serial positioning, and symbolization are not related to this process.

Question 12

When a person stores information through rote learning, they have utilized which of the following to the greatest extent?
A)elaborative encoding
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)chunking
D)the keyword method

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information over and over again in order to store it in memory. This is a form of rote learning, and requires a significant amount of repetition and effort to be successful. Elaborative encoding, chunking, and the keyword method all involve more active and creative approaches to learning and memory, and are therefore less reliant on pure repetition.

Question 13

Because hyphens divide the numbers on your social security card into three segments, it is easier for you to remember this nine-digit number.This illustrates
A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)the key number system.
C)the method of loci.
D)chunking.

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves breaking down information into smaller, more manageable units or chunks. By using hyphens to separate the numbers on a social security card, it facilitates chunking and makes it easier for people to remember the number.

Question 14

The "magic number" seven refers to the
A)time capacity of long-term memory.
B)time capacity of short-term memory.
C)space capacity of short-term memory.
D)space capacity of long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The "magic number" seven refers to the space capacity of short-term memory, which is typically about 7±2 items.

Question 15

Learning by simple repetition is known as
A)rote learning.
B)insight learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Rote learning is the process of memorizing information through repetition without necessarily understanding its meaning or significance. This is in contrast to insight learning, which involves solving problems through understanding and analysis, as well as classical and operant conditioning, which are forms of learning through association and consequences, respectively.

Question 16

You have found that it is easier for you to remember cell phone numbers and code them into your cell phone if you use _____ and divide the number in two-and three-digit numbers, such as "48" or "865" rather than single digits that you often reverse.
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)the key number system
C)the method of loci
D)chunking

Accepted Answer

The process of dividing the cell phone numbers into two and three-digit numbers is an example of chunking, which is a memory technique that involves grouping information into smaller, more manageable units. This can make it easier to remember the information and avoid mistakes like reversing digits.

Question 17

George Miller theorized that the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle is _____, while Nelson Cowan believes that STM may actually hold only _____ items, unless some chunking has occurred.
A)four; two
B)five; three
C)seven; four
D)ten; seven

Accepted Answer

George Miller theorized that STM can hold 7 plus or minus 2 items, which is generally rounded to 7. However, Nelson Cowan believes that STM may only hold 4 items unless chunking occurs. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it includes both theories.

Question 18

_____ theorized that the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle is seven, while _____ believes that STM may actually hold only four items, unless some chunking has occurred.
A)Wilder Penfield; Elizabeth Loftus
B)George Miller; Nelson Cowan
C)Nelson Cowan; Wilder Penfield
D)Elizabeth Loftus; George Miller

Accepted Answer

George Miller proposed the idea of the "magic number seven" for short-term memory capacity, while Nelson Cowan suggested that STM might hold only about four items without chunking.

Question 19

Keeping a short-term memory alive by silently repeating it is called
A)constructive processing.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)chunking.
D)elaborative encoding.

Accepted Answer

The process of silently repeating information to keep it in short-term memory is known as maintenance rehearsal. This involves simply rehearsing or repeating the information to oneself, without elaborating on its meaning or connecting it with other information.

Question 20

Five-year-old Jaycee learned her "ABCs" by repeating them over and over again.Jaycee learned the alphabet through
A)rote learning.
B)insight learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Rote learning is the process of memorization through repeated practice without the aid of any understanding or interpretation. In this case, Jaycee learned her ABCs by repeating them over and over again, which is an example of rote learning. Choice B) Insight learning refers to the ability to solve problems through understanding, which is not applicable in this scenario. Choice C) Classical conditioning involves pairing a natural stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a learned response, which is not applicable in this scenario. Choice D) Operant conditioning involves changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Quiz 8: Extension A: Memory

Organizing information into larger units as a way of improving the efficiency of short- term memory is called

A single _____ could be made up of numbers, letters, words, phrases, or familiar sentences.

Chunking and maintenance rehearsal are especially important for the improvement of _____ efficiency.

Regarding the space capacity of short-term memory (STM) , which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Nelson Cowan believes that short-term memory may actually hold only _____ items, unless some chunking has occurred.

The type of rehearsal which keeps memories active in STM, but does not do very well in transferring those memories into LTM is

The more times a short-term memory is _____, the greater the chances of being stored in LTM.

_____ are made up of bits of information grouped into larger units.

Short-term memories can be prolonged by

If the letters VCAFCBNLSBRC are rearranged into VCR-ABC-CBS-NFL, they become much easier to remember and store.This is because you're using a process called

_____ reorganizes information into units that are already in LTM.

When a person stores information through rote learning, they have utilized which of the following to the greatest extent?

Because hyphens divide the numbers on your social security card into three segments, it is easier for you to remember this nine-digit number.This illustrates

The "magic number" seven refers to the

Learning by simple repetition is known as

You have found that it is easier for you to remember cell phone numbers and code them into your cell phone if you use _____ and divide the number in two-and three-digit numbers, such as "48" or "865" rather than single digits that you often reverse.

George Miller theorized that the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle is _, while Nelson Cowan believes that STM may actually hold only _ items, unless some chunking has occurred.

_ theorized that the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle is seven, while _ believes that STM may actually hold only four items, unless some chunking has occurred.

Keeping a short-term memory alive by silently repeating it is called

Five-year-old Jaycee learned her "ABCs" by repeating them over and over again.Jaycee learned the alphabet through