Question 1

Blanche is 4 years old.What would Blanche MOST likely say if you asked her to describe who she is?

Accepted Answer

At 4 years old, children typically describe themselves using concrete, observable characteristics like physical traits or possessions, rather than abstract qualities or relationships.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory identifies the stage of initiative versus guilt as characteristic of early childhood, which lasts from about 3 to 6 years old. This stage is marked by children's growing sense of purpose and the desire to take on new challenges, balanced against the guilt or anxiety that may arise from making mistakes or not meeting expectations. Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the stage that characterizes infancy, while industry versus inferiority is the stage of middle childhood. Intimacy versus isolation is a stage that occurs in young adulthood.

Question 3

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad,Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy.Selena is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Selena is exhibiting empathy, which means she is able to understand and share the feelings of her best friend who lost her puppy.

Question 4

Jerome and Hani got up early on Saturday morning and decided to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother.While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet,they accidentally bumped,and broke,one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls.Jerome KNEW that he is going to get into "big trouble"; and,he thought that he SHOULD get into big trouble.Hani told him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident.In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

Accepted Answer

Based on the given information, Jerome's thinking falls under the heteronomous morality stage of Piaget where rules are seen as rigid and unchangeable. He believes that he should be punished for breaking his mother's doll. On the other hand, Hani's thinking falls under the autonomous morality stage of Piaget where rules can be understood as subjective and subject to change based on the situation. She believes that her mother would understand that it was an accident and that Jerome should not get into big trouble.

Question 5

Five-year old Joe is crying because his favorite aunt is moving away.His parents are in the kitchen arguing about how to respond to the situation.Joe's father wants to tell him "big boys don't cry." Joe's mother wants to tell him "it is okay to cry when you feel sad." According to research,which response will be most helpful for Joe?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that allowing and encouraging children to express their emotions, including crying when feeling sad, is important for their emotional development and overall well-being. Telling Joe that it is okay to cry when he feels sad will validate his emotions, help him process his feelings, and provide him with emotional support during a difficult transition. Discouraging or dismissing his emotions by telling him that "big boys don't cry" can lead to emotional suppression and potentially harmful coping mechanisms later in life. Gender should not be a factor in determining how we respond to children's emotions, as all children benefit from emotional validation and support.

Question 6

Shame,embarrassment,and guilt are examples of

Accepted Answer

Shame, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of self-conscious emotions, which are emotions that are related to our sense of self and how we perceive ourselves in relation to others. Unlike basic emotions, which are innate and universal, self-conscious emotions rely on social and cultural norms and values. They are also considered to be more complex and cognitively-based than basic emotions.

Question 7

Which statement below summarizes Erik Erikson's view of how guilt,initiative,and conscience operate during the early childhood period?

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that children in the early childhood period experience conflict between the initiative to explore and act independently and feelings of guilt or anxiety about their actions. In this context, children's consciences may lead them to feel guilty about some of the initiatives they take, highlighting the importance of healthy emotional regulation and moral development at this stage of life.

Question 8

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second year of life because

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, require a sense of self-awareness, which typically emerges around the second year of life. Prior to this, children may experience basic emotions such as joy or sadness, but they do not have the cognitive capacity to understand themselves as separate individuals with a unique identity.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a marked change in emotional development during early childhood?

Accepted Answer

While children do become more skilled at understanding and expressing their own emotions, they do not typically develop the ability to deceive with their emotions during early childhood. This is a higher-level social skill that typically emerges later in development.

Question 10

A parent who denies,ignores,or tries to change the negative emotions of their children would be called an:

Accepted Answer

A parent who denies, ignores, or tries to change negative emotions of their children is an emotion-dismissing parent. This type of parenting style can have negative effects on the child's emotional development and can lead to difficulties in managing emotions in adulthood.

Question 11

In order for children to take effective moral action,they need to be able to __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

In order for children to act morally, they need to be able to empathize with others and understand how their actions will affect others. This involves being able to identify emotional states in others and anticipate what will improve those emotional states. Options B, C, and D are incorrect or incomplete.

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson,what is the "great governor" of initiative?

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson, the "great governor" of initiative is conscience. This refers to a sense of morality and the ability to distinguish right from wrong, which helps children make responsible choices and act on their initiative in socially acceptable ways. Independence, fear, and obedience may play a role in a child's development, but they are not considered the primary factor in governing initiative according to Erikson's theory.

Question 13

The development of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people is called

Accepted Answer

The development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people refers to moral development. This includes the development of moral reasoning, empathy, and an understanding of right and wrong.

Question 14

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game,yelling,"You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Katrina's reaction of not allowing her brother to change the rules of the game reveals heteronomous morality. Heteronomous morality is typically observed in children aged 4 to 7 and is characterized by an unquestionable adherence to the rules set forth by authority figures. Children who follow this type of moral reasoning see rules as immutable and inviolable.

Question 15

Which of the following emotions are NOT in the same "category" as the other three?

Accepted Answer

Embarrassment, shame, and guilt are all emotions related to one's actions or shortcomings. Fear, on the other hand, is an emotion related to a perceived threat or danger.

Question 16

In general terms,the preschool child's understanding of self is

Accepted Answer

Preschool children typically have concrete understanding of themselves, meaning that they focus on physical characteristics and their immediate experiences rather than abstract concepts. As they grow older, their understanding of themselves becomes more complex and abstract.

Question 17

Jean Piaget was primarily interested in

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jean Piaget was primarily interested in
...

Question 18

Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-coaching" parent.It is likely that she would also be described as all of the following,EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A "rejecting" parent is one who is cold, unresponsive, and unsupportive of their child's emotions and needs. This does not align with the characteristics of an emotion-coaching parent like Jennifer, who is attentive and sensitive to her child's emotions and actively helps them process and regulate those emotions. Therefore, choice B, a "rejecting" parent, is the exception and does not apply to Jennifer.

Question 19

When Travis decided he wanted to catch a bird with a butterfly net,his parents encouraged him to test out his idea.Because his parents supported his plan,he will probably grow up with

Accepted Answer

Travis's parents encouraged him to test out his idea, which shows that he has their support and permission to try new things. This will help him develop initiative as he grows up. Autonomy is about independence and self-direction, while industry is about being productive and hardworking. Trust is important, but it is not directly related to the scenario given.

Question 20

Jennie is in third grade and is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to because she knows that it would be wrong.According to the psychoanalytic theory of moral development,what is responsible for keeping Jennie from doing wrong?

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the superego, which is responsible for internalized moral values and standards, produces guilt when an individual considers breaking those standards. Jennie's decision not to cheat on the test suggests that she is guided by her superego and the guilt that would result from breaking its moral standards.

Quiz 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches