Forward Integration Refers to

Forward integration refers to

A) when a producer owns an intermediary at the next level down in the marketing channel.
B) when a retailer owns a manufacturing operation.
C) when a manufacturer sells the title to all goods to the next link in the marketing chain.
D) when retailers form an alliance to purchase goods at a better price since they are able to place much larger orders.
E) when all links in the distribution chain are not only paid for their services but own stock in the manufacturer's company.