Question 1

John Bowlby and other object-relations researchers believe that a child's internal working model of the self is

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby, a prominent object-relations researcher, theorized that a child's internal working model of the self is derived from the parent-child relationship. This includes the child's sense of self-worth, competence, and the ability to regulate emotions. The parent-child relationship also shapes the child's expectations of relationships with others throughout their life.

Question 2

A child's basic understanding of his or her own status as a boy or girl is called

Accepted Answer

Gender identity is the term used to describe a child's basic understanding of his or her own status as a boy or girl. It is an essential aspect of child development and is developed by the age of 2-3 years.

Question 3

A child's internal working model of the self is generally least influenced by

Accepted Answer

Genetics primarily influence physical traits and predispositions rather than the internal working model of the self, which is shaped by interactions, experiences, and perceptions related to one's environment and relationships.

Question 4

Children who have been abused tend to have internal working models of themselves that

Accepted Answer

Children who have been abused tend to have internal working models of themselves that are more fragmented and disorganized due to their experiences of trauma and unpredictability. This can result in difficulties with self-regulation, self-esteem, and a sense of self-identity.

Question 5

Children low in self-esteem are usually

Accepted Answer

Children with low self-esteem may feel insecure and less confident in their abilities, which may lead them to be less likely to ask questions or seek help when they need it. However, there is no clear evidence that they are behind in cognitive development or motor skills, or more likely to show off.

Question 6

Children with positive internal working models of themselves are likely to have _____ attachments to their parents.

Accepted Answer

Children with positive internal working models of themselves are likely to have secure attachments to their parents.

Question 7

Gender awareness refers to a child's

Accepted Answer

Gender awareness refers to a child's knowledge that he or she is a boy or girl.

Question 8

Ben is low in self-esteem.He is likely to be

Accepted Answer

People with low self-esteem tend to be withdrawn because they lack confidence in themselves and their abilities. They may feel insecure in social situations and prefer to avoid interactions with others.

Question 9

Carol is a confident,curious,independent 4-year-old who asks many questions.She is likely to be high in

Accepted Answer

Carol's confidence and curiosity suggest that she likely has a positive view of herself, indicating high self-esteem. Reversibility refers to a child's ability to understand that an action can be undone or reversed, which is not relevant to Carol's behavior. Authoritarianism pertains to a parenting style focused on strict control and obedience, which is not related to Carol's behavior. Aggression refers to physical or verbal behavior intended to harm others, which does not align with Carol's curious and inquisitive personality.

Question 10

Most children can identify their own gender by the time they are _____ years old.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most children can identify their own gender...

Question 11

Self-concepts in early childhood tend to be

Accepted Answer

Self-concepts in early childhood tend to be unrealistically positive because children at this age are more likely to focus on their strengths and positive qualities rather than their limitations and weaknesses. They also tend to overestimate their abilities and believe that they can do anything. This is due to their limited life experience and cognitive development, which makes it difficult for them to accurately assess their own abilities and limitations.

Question 12

Preschool children find it easy to

Accepted Answer

Preschool children are still developing their sense of self-awareness, and are not yet able to accurately estimate their abilities or differentiate between their goals and actual performance. They may be able to compare themselves to other children, but may not fully understand the concept of contrasting their own performance. However, they often are able to describe their physical attributes.

Question 13

A child's gender identity is his or her

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of their own gender, whether they identify as male, female, nonbinary, or other gender identities. It is a deeply felt subjective identity that can be different from the sex assigned at birth or the gender roles typically associated with masculinity or femininity.

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson,parents who often correct their children and try to protect their feelings by restraining the children's activities to things they can already do well,help their children generate feelings of

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Erik Erikson,parents who often correct...

Question 15

Erik Erikson suggested that preschoolers face a normative crisis of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, preschoolers (ages 3-6) experience a normative crisis of initiative versus guilt. This means that they are trying to assert their independence and take initiative in their actions and decisions, but may also feel guilty if they think they have done something wrong. Autonomy and trust are also important stages in early childhood development, but they occur earlier in infancy and toddlerhood. Industry is a crisis that occurs in middle childhood.

Question 16

A child's basic ideas about her abilities and attributes constitute her

Accepted Answer

Self-concept is the term used to refer to a person's overall understanding and evaluation of themselves, including their abilities, beliefs, and personality traits. It is the sum total of a person's self-perception and self-evaluation.

Answer: A
 Self-esteem is the term used for the evaluation of one's own worth, which is closely linked to an individual's self-concept. A positive self-concept may lead to high self-esteem whereas a negative self-concept may result in low self-esteem.

Question 17

According to John Bowlby and other attachment researchers,a child's level of attachment security helps generate her

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby and other attachment researchers, a child's level of attachment security helps in generating their internal working model of the self. This means that a child's attachment experiences help shape their beliefs about themselves and their relationships with others. The internal working model of the self is a cognitive framework that guides an individual's understanding of themselves, others, and their interactions, impacting their behavior, emotions, and relationships in later life.

Question 18

When Boris says,"I'm special!" he is talking about his

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Boris says,"I'm special!" he is talking...

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson,children who do not successfully solve the normative crisis of early childhood will feel a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the normative crisis of early childhood is the conflict between a child's desire for autonomy and their need for structure and guidance from adults. If a child is not able to successfully navigate this crisis and achieve a balance between autonomy and structure, they may experience feelings of guilt. This is because they may feel as though they have done something wrong by asserting their own desires and needs, or they may feel guilty for not following the rules and expectations set by adults in their lives. Therefore, the best answer is D: guilt.

Question 20

Preschoolers' self-concepts include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers typically do not have the cognitive ability to evaluate themselves as being good at some things but not others; this level of self-assessment develops later.

Quiz 9: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood