Question 1

A smoker who claims that the habit is not as dangerous as antismoking messages suggest,saying "My grandmother smokes and she's in her 80s," is attempting to increase cognitive dissonance.

Accepted Answer

All cigarette smokers are repeatedly exposed to information that smoking is hazardous to health. But many smokers dismiss the habit as not being as risky as the antismoking messages suggest in an attempt to reduce (not increase) cognitive dissonance.

Question 2

An example of a self-fulfilling prophecy is a server who expects some poorly dressed customers to be stingy tippers,who therefore gives them poor service,and so gets the result he expected-a much lower tip than usual.

Accepted Answer

This scenario fits the definition of a self-fulfilling prophecy, in which a belief or expectation influences behavior and ultimately leads to the expected outcome becoming true.

Question 3

Those who have the Type A behavior pattern are involved in a chronic,determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.

Accepted Answer

Type A behavior pattern is characterized by a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.

Question 4

Lee has hired two new employees for her team,Jim and Judy.Jim is outgoing and attractive,while Judy is very bright but seems quiet and unsure.Lee immediately expects Jim to outperform Judy at the job.Lee is likely experiencing the halo effect.

Accepted Answer

The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression of a person or situation is based on one specific trait or characteristic. In this case, Lee's positive impression of Jim's outgoing and attractive personality is leading her to expect him to outperform Judy, despite not having seen their actual job performance yet.

Question 5

Internals likely would prefer and respond more productively to incentives such as merit pay or sales commissions.

Accepted Answer

Internals, who are motivated by the satisfaction of doing a good job, are likely to respond well to incentives that reward individual performance such as merit pay or sales commissions.

Question 6

______ is the personality dimension that describes how achievement-oriented and persistent a person is.

Accepted Answer

Conscientiousness is the personality dimension that describes how achievement-oriented and persistent a person is. Conscientious individuals are typically organized, responsible, and hardworking, often setting and achieving high goals for themselves.

Question 7

Workplace stress diminishes all of the following

Accepted Answer

The answer of Workplace stress diminishes all of the following
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Question 8

Individuals with an external locus of control tend to display greater work motivation,which leads to higher salaries.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with an external locus of control believe that their successes and failures are primarily determined by external factors such as luck or fate, rather than their own actions. This belief can lead to lower work motivation and less effort put into achieving higher salaries. Conversely, individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they can influence their own outcomes through their actions and decisions, and are more likely to work hard and strive for higher salaries. Therefore, the statement is false.

Question 9

Your supervisor says the company needs you to stay late to meet an important deadline,but your family expects you to be present for your child's birthday party.You are experiencing role overload.

Accepted Answer

This is role conflict, not role overload. Role conflict occurs when one feels torn by the different expectations of important people in one's life. Example: Your supervisor says the company needs you to stay late to meet an important deadline, but your family expects you to be present for your child's birthday party.

Question 10

One of the ways to create a Pygmalion effect is to encourage employees to visualize failing at executing tasks and use their fear of failure to motivate them.

Accepted Answer

This statement is incorrect. The Pygmalion effect is a phenomenon where high expectations of a leader or manager for an employee's performance lead to an increase in the employee's actual performance. Encouraging employees to visualize failing and using fear of failure as motivation can have negative effects on their confidence and performance. Instead, it is better to set achievable goals and provide supportive feedback to enhance their confidence and performance.

Question 11

Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it has a high one-day return provide an example of the recency effect.

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency of people to remember and give more importance to information that is more recent. In the context of investing, investors who buy a stock based on recent news or a high one-day return are influenced by the recency effect, as they are giving more weight to the most recent information about the stock rather than considering its long-term performance and potential.

Question 12

"Joe drinks too much because he has no willpower;but I need a few drinks after work because I'm under a lot of pressure" is an example of an attribution statement.

Accepted Answer

The statement is an example of an attribution statement because it links behavior to a perceived cause or reason. It attributes Joe's excessive drinking to a lack of willpower, and the speaker's own drinking to work-related pressure.

Question 13

Integrity tests are ineffective because dishonest people are able to fake conscientiousness,even on a paper-and-pencil test.

Accepted Answer

Integrity tests are designed to assess honesty and reliability, and while some individuals may attempt to fake responses, these tests often include measures to detect inconsistencies and reduce the likelihood of successful deception.

Question 14

The glass ceiling is a concept that applies to women,but not to minorities.

Accepted Answer

The glass ceiling concept applies not only to women, but also to minorities, which refers to the invisible barrier that hinders their career advancement and prevents them from reaching higher levels of leadership and decision-making positions in the workplace.

Question 15

Personality test data should be supplemented with information from reference checks,personal interviews,ability tests,and job performance records when hiring.

Accepted Answer

Personality test data can provide valuable insights into a candidate's behavior and work style, but it should not be the sole basis for making a hiring decision. Supplemental information from reference checks, personal interviews, ability tests, and job performance records can provide a more complete picture of a candidate's potential fit for a job.

Question 16

Roberto finds his job description and the criteria for promotion vague,an example of role ambiguity.

Accepted Answer

Role ambiguity refers to the lack of clarity and understanding regarding job responsibilities, expectations, and criteria for promotion. In this case, Roberto is experiencing role ambiguity as he finds his job description and promotion criteria vague.

Question 17

After a recent exam,students earning Ds blamed factors such as bad luck,unclear lectures,and unfair testing for their poor performance.These students are engaged in self-serving bias.

Accepted Answer

Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. In this case, the students are blaming external factors such as bad luck, unclear lectures, and unfair testing for their poor performance, rather than accepting responsibility for their own performance. This is an example of self-serving bias.

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality dimensions?

Accepted Answer

Tolerance for ambiguity is not one of the Big Five personality dimensions. The Big Five personality dimensions are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Question 19

______ consists of stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.

Accepted Answer

Personality consists of stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity. Character refers to a person's moral and ethical principles, attitudes are evaluations of objects or people, attributions are explanations for events or behaviors, and values are beliefs about what is important or desirable.

Question 20

______ is the personality dimension that describes how intellectual,imaginative,curious,and broad-minded a person is.

Accepted Answer

Openness to experience is the personality dimension that describes a person's degree of imagination, curiosity, and their willingness to try new things. This trait is associated with creativity, appreciation of art, and an interest in unfamiliar ideas and concepts. People who score high on openness to experience tend to be unconventional, reflective, and intellectually curious.

Quiz 11: Managing Individual Differences and Behavior: Supervising People As People