Question 1

In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world,Pope Pius IX issued an encyclical entitled:

Accepted Answer

The Syllabus of Errors, issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864, was a response to what he saw as the errors and challenges of modern society, including materialism and free thought. The document outlined 80 different propositions that the Pope considered to be false or dangerous, and condemned a wide range of ideas and practices, including religious indifferentism, liberalism, secularism, and socialism. The Syllabus was highly controversial at the time and was seen by many as an attempt to stifle intellectual and political freedom.

Question 2

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was in response to:

Accepted Answer

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was primarily a response to Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. The war resulted in economic hardship, high casualties, and a loss of confidence in the government, leading to widespread protests and strikes. The revolution ultimately led to the granting of civil liberties, including the establishment of an elected parliament, in the October Manifesto. However, the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were not major players in the 1905 revolution, and Lenin's writings did not have a significant impact on the events of that year. A shortage of bread in Saint Petersburg did occur in 1917 and was a significant factor in the February Revolution that led to the overthrow of the Tsarist government, but it was not a major cause of the 1905 revolution.

Question 3

Many Christians were troubled by the implications of the writings of Charles Darwin because those writings:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many Christians were troubled by the implications...

Question 4

Tsar Alexander II:

Accepted Answer

Tsar Alexander II was indeed assassinated in 1881 by members of a revolutionary group called People's Will. Despite his reputation as an enlightened ruler who freed the serfs in 1861, he faced increasing opposition from various groups, including students, intellectuals, and radicals who wanted more far-reaching reforms. His assassination is a sign of the tensions and contradictions of his reign.

Question 5

Marxism came to Russia in two forms: one based on industrial capitalism known as the Social Democratic Party and the other based on the populist appeal to the peasantry known as the:

Accepted Answer

The Social Revolutionary Party was based on the populist appeal to the peasantry and was influenced by Marx's ideas of class struggle and revolution, but also placed emphasis on the role of the peasantry in the revolutionary process. This was in contrast to the Social Democratic Party (the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) which emphasized the importance of industrial workers in the revolution.

Question 6

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by:

Accepted Answer

According to Sigmund Freud, mental disorders such as anxiety and depression arise from a conflict between natural drives (such as sexual desires) and cultural restraints (such as social norms and moral values). This conflict leads to a disruption in the individual's psyche, resulting in psychological disorders.

Question 7

Irish home rule was debated for many years in the British Parliament and had support from the Irish Parliamentary Party in the last decades of the nineteenth century,but by the end of the century,a more radical position calling for full independence was revived by the militant political organization called the:

Accepted Answer

The Irish Republican Brotherhood revived the more radical position calling for full independence in the late nineteenth century. The Ulster Unionists and Orangemen were opposed to Irish home rule and supported remaining part of the United Kingdom. The Ulster Volunteers were a paramilitary group formed in 1913 to resist home rule. Ó Clérigh Lughaidh is not a known political organization in Irish history.

Question 8

In his first publication,Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.That book is entitled:

Accepted Answer

The book that Charles Darwin published that dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection is called "The Origin of the Species."

Question 9

The nineteenth-century political theory of liberalism looked to _________ to confirm its tenets.

Accepted Answer

Nineteenth-century liberalism often looked to science as a means of understanding the natural world and developing rational solutions to societal problems. This was particularly evident in the social sciences, such as economics and sociology, which played an important role in shaping liberal political theory. While philosophy and religion also played a role in shaping liberal thought, they were often seen as outdated or insufficiently scientific for the needs of the modern world.

Question 10

In the late nineteenth century,in the midst of the continued decline of the Ottoman empire,a nationalist movement emerged in Turkey under the guidance of a group calling itself the "Young Turks," which successfully forced the sultan to establish a constitutional government in 1908.In the following year it deposed the sultan and replaced him with his brother:

Accepted Answer

Mohammed V was the brother of the deposed sultan and was installed as the new sultan by the Young Turks in 1909.

Question 11

Until the Russo-Japanese War,ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their "Little Father" and would do what he could to aid them in their lives.This trust was shaken on January 22,1905,a date afterward referred to as:

Accepted Answer

January 22, 1905 is known as "Bloody Sunday" because peaceful protesters marched to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to make demands of the tsar, but were met with violence from the tsar's soldiers. This event shattered the trust many Russians had in the tsar and sparked widespread unrest and revolution.

Question 12

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and:

Accepted Answer

Nietzsche believed that in order for human beings to reach their full potential they must break free from the constraints of society and cultural conformity. He believed that individuals must think and act for themselves in order to become "supermen" who are able to live fulfilling and meaningful lives. Therefore, the best choice is E, as it directly relates to Nietzsche's idea of transcending cultural conformity.

Question 13

The most transformative event in French history in the second part of the nineteenth century was the:

Accepted Answer

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 marked a turning point in French history, leading to the collapse of the Second Empire, the establishment of the Third Republic, and a shift in French politics towards republicanism and a strong sense of national identity. The war also had significant economic repercussions, as it devastated large parts of France and led to the loss of the valuable Alsace-Lorraine region to Germany.

Question 14

Charles Darwin completed the fieldwork that served as the basis for his theories during the time he spent as an unpaid naturalist on an around-the-world voyage aboard the ship:

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin completed his fieldwork during the five-year voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, which traveled around the world from 1831 to 1836.

Question 15

"Classical conditioning," as developed by Ivan Pavlov,became a part of the psychological school of:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a fundamental concept in behaviorism, which focuses on observable and measurable behavior rather than internal mental processes. Pavlov's experiments on conditioned reflexes paved the way for the development of behaviorist theory and practice. Therefore, classical conditioning became a part of the psychological school of behaviorism.

Question 16

For the Russian Tsar Nicholas II,Russification:

Accepted Answer

Russification, also known as the "Policy of Russification" or "Russianization," was a central policy of the Tsarist government, which aimed to extend the language and culture of Greater Russia over all non-Russian subjects, including Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, and other ethnic groups. This policy was implemented through various means, including the suppression of local languages and customs, the imposition of Russian as the official language, and the promotion of Russian culture and traditions. The ultimate goal of Russification was to create a homogeneous Russian nation, with a common language, culture, and identity, and to reduce the influence of other ethnic groups within the Russian Empire.

Question 17

As a result of the 1905 revolution,Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto,which:

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a result of the 1905 revolution,Tsar...

Question 18

Social scientists of the late nineteenth century often demonstrated through their experimentation the exact opposite of what they were attempting to prove: they would generally show that human beings were:

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that social scientists of the late 19th century often demonstrated the exact opposite of what they were trying to prove. Therefore, if we assume that the scientists were trying to prove that humans were rational, products of their environment, products of heredity, or a blank slate at birth, then the opposite of these statements would be that humans are irrational. Therefore, C is the best choice.

Question 19

Evolutionary theories had existed from the time of the ancient Greeks,but the first modern theory of evolution was developed by:

Accepted Answer

The first modern theory of evolution was developed by Charles Darwin, who published his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. Georg Simmel was a sociologist, Jean Lemarck proposed a similar theory of evolution before Darwin but it was widely discredited, Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" but did not develop a comprehensive theory of evolution, and Alfred Wallace independently developed a similar theory to Darwin's but is not considered to have developed the first modern theory of evolution.

Question 20

The expression "survival of the fittest" was first used by:

Accepted Answer

The expression "survival of the fittest" was first used by Herbert Spencer in his book "Principles of Biology" in 1864. Though the concept was later embraced by Darwin in his works, it was initially coined by Spencer.

Quiz 23: Modern Industry and Mass Politics,1870–1914