Question 1

Long-term memory (LTM)is organized into chains of linked ideas within which model of memory?
A)network
B)serial position
C)consolidation
D)parallel processing

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is organized into networks of linked ideas, also known as semantic networks. This model suggests that memories are not stored in isolation, but rather are connected to other memories through associations and are retrieved through activation of these networks.

Question 2

Information in long-term memory is typically arranged in all of the following EXCEPT
A)rules.
B)similarity.
C)alphabetically.
D)personal meanings.

Accepted Answer

Information in long-term memory is typically arranged by rules, similarity, and personal meanings, but not alphabetically.

Question 3

Many tragic cases of mistaken identity occur because the origins of a memory are misremembered,a phenomenon known as
A)source confusion.
B)encoding failure.
C)retroactive suppression.
D)"memory jamming."

Accepted Answer

Source confusion occurs when the source or origin of a memory is attributed incorrectly, leading to mistaken identity or other errors in recall. Encoding failure refers to the inability to form a strong memory due to lack of attention or processing. Retroactive suppression is a process by which new information interferes with the recall of older memories. "Memory jamming" is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 4

The fact that it is easier for you to think of a canary as a bird before you think of a canary as an animal is explained by the difference in distance between units of information within the
A)network model.
B)eidetic model.
C)consolidation model.
D)method of loci.

Accepted Answer

The network model describes how units of information are connected and related to each other in a semantic network. The concept of "bird" is likely closer in proximity to "canary" in the semantic network compared to "animal", therefore making it easier to recall the association. The other options (eidetic model, consolidation model, method of loci) are not relevant to explaining this phenomenon.

Question 5

A witness to a crime "remembers" the face of another person that he actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene.Not remembering the source of his or her information explains the formation of _______ memories.
A)false
B)eidetic
C)semantic
D)implicit

Accepted Answer

False memories refer to memories that are either partly or entirely inaccurate or fabricated, often due to suggestions or misinformation. In this scenario, the witness is mistakenly recalling the face of someone they saw elsewhere as the perpetrator, creating a false memory.

Question 6

False memories occur because elaborative processing makes us vulnerable to
A)eidetic memories.
B)redintegration.
C)encoding failure.
D)source confusion.

Accepted Answer

False memories often occur due to source confusion, where the origin of a memory becomes mixed up or forgotten, leading to the incorporation of erroneous information into the memory. Elaborative processing, which involves actively thinking about and connecting new information to existing knowledge, can increase the risk of source confusion and the creation of false memories. Eidetic memories refer to photographic or near-perfect memories, which are rare and not related to false memories. Redintegration involves using pieces of information to create a coherent memory and encoding failure refers to the inability to store information in long-term memory.

Question 7

Many children remember what their parents said they did at very young ages rather than remembering the actual events.Remembering the information,but not the source of the memory explains how which of the following are formed?
A)eidetic images
B)echoic memories
C)false memories
D)iconic memories

Accepted Answer

False memories are formed when individuals remember information that is not true as if it were true. In this case, the children may remember events that their parents told them they experienced, but the memory may not be accurate or may be distorted.

Question 8

Units of information in long-term memory are organized in a complex system of linked meanings,according to which model of memory?
A)modular retrieval model
B)network model
C)congruence model
D)serial position model

Accepted Answer

The network model of memory proposes that units of information in long-term memory are connected by links based on their meanings, forming a complex system of interrelated knowledge. This network of linked meanings allows for efficient and effective retrieval of information, as activating one unit can lead to the activation of other related units. The other answer choices (modular retrieval model, congruence model, serial position model) do not specifically address how units of information are organized in long-term memory.

Question 9

The pattern of associations among items of information within one's memory is referred to as
A)memory structure.
B)eidetic imagery.
C)priming.
D)mnemonics.

Accepted Answer

Memory structure refers to the organization of information in one's memory. It includes the arrangement of concepts and relationships among them.

Question 10

After appearing live on Australian television,memory expert Donald Thomson was accused of rape.It turns out that the victim was watching him on TV when the actual rapist broke into her apartment.This tragic case of mistaken identity was due to
A)source confusion.
B)encoding failure.
C)retroactive suppression.
D)"memory jamming."

Accepted Answer

The mistaken identity in this case was due to source confusion, where the victim attributed the memory of the actual rapist to the memory of seeing Donald Thomson on TV. Source confusion occurs when a person is unable to correctly remember the source of a memory, leading to incorrect attributions.

Question 11

A witness may select a photo of a suspect from police files or see a photo in the news.Later,the witness identifies the suspect in a lineup or in court.Did the witness really remember the suspect from the scene of the crime? Or was it from the more recently seen photograph? This illustrates the problem of
A)false memories.
B)eidetic imagery.
C)implicit priming.
D)semantic memories.

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the problem of false memories, which are distorted or fabricated recollections of events. The witness may have unknowingly incorporated information from the photograph into their memory of the crime scene, leading them to falsely identify the suspect.

Question 12

Students can get a teacher off the subject by asking one slightly off-topic question,which sets up an association with another topic and then to another topic and so on until the teacher is "miles" from what she was originally teaching.This illustrates which model of memory?
A)consolidation model
B)eidetic model
C)pseudoassociation model
D)network model

Accepted Answer

The network model of memory proposes that memories are represented in the brain as a network of interconnected nodes, with each node representing a concept or piece of information. When one node is activated, it spreads activation to other related nodes, leading to a chain of associations. In the given scenario, the student's off-topic question activated a related node in the teacher's memory, leading to a chain of associations that took her miles away from the original topic. Thus, the given scenario best illustrates the network model of memory.

Question 13

Regarding false memories,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Forming and using long-term memories is an active,creative,highly personal process with our memories being shaped by emotions,judgments,and quirks of personality.
B)False memories due to source confusion occur because new information "overwrites" existing memories.
C)Because people cannot remember the source of a memory,it can lead witnesses to "remember" a face that they actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene.
D)False long-term memories are a common problem in police work.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false because false memories due to source confusion do not occur because new information overwrites existing memories. Rather, source confusion occurs when people are unable to remember the source of a memory, which can lead to the incorporation of incorrect information into a memory.

Question 14

According to the network model of memory,the time required to answer questions about objects,events,or individuals depends on
A)the amount of rehearsal used in memorization.
B)the length of the chain of associations that connects them.
C)individual differences in neural memory and processing strategies.
D)the total capacity of individual memory banks.

Accepted Answer

According to the network model of memory, when retrieving information, the brain activates a chain of associations that are connected to that particular piece of information. The length of this chain of associations determines the time required to answer questions because the more associations there are between the information and the answer, the longer it will take to retrieve it. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly relate to the network model of memory and how it explains the time required to answer questions about memory.

Question 15

"Memory index" is a term associated with
A)sensory memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)mnemonics.

Accepted Answer

Memory index refers to the process of indexing or organizing memories for easier retrieval, which is a function of long-term memory.

Question 16

The process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of associations to other,related memories is called
A)chunking.
B)parallel processing.
C)redintegration.
D)mnemonic coding.

Accepted Answer

The process described is called redintegration, which involves reconstructing memories by following associations to related memories. Chunking involves breaking down information into smaller chunks, parallel processing involves processing multiple pieces of information simultaneously, and mnemonic coding involves using memory aids to remember information. None of these concepts relate to the process of reconstructing memories through associations.

Question 17

Source confusion explains how which of the following are formed?
A)false memories
B)iconic memories
C)eidetic memories
D)implicit memories

Accepted Answer

Source confusion occurs when a person cannot correctly remember the source of information. This can lead to the formation of false memories, where a person may remember something that did not actually happen or remember it happening differently.

Question 18

What we remember depends on
A)what we pay attention to.
B)how we elaborate our memory.
C)what we feel strongly about and what we regard as important.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of the given options play a role in what we remember. Our attention determines what information we encode and store in our memory. How we elaborate our memory involves forming connections and associations with prior knowledge, which enhances learning and retention. Lastly, emotional arousal and importance can boost memory consolidation and retrieval. Therefore, all three options have an impact on what we remember.

Question 19

Erica was given two statements,to which she must quickly answer yes or no: (1)Classical conditioning forms simple associations.(2)Classical conditioning is due to experience.Erica will most likely say yes to the first statement of "Classical conditioning forms simple associations" faster than she can say yes to the second statement that "Classical conditioning is due to experience." This occurs due to the
A)alphabetical listing of the two statements.
B)simplicity of the first statement and the complexity of the second statement.
C)first statement being learned through rote learning and the second one through elaborative processing.
D)concept of classical conditioning being closer to the idea expressed in the first statement and father from the idea expressed in the second statement.

Accepted Answer

The reason is that classical conditioning is often thought of as a simple process of forming associations between stimuli, which is closer to the idea expressed in the first statement. The second statement, however, requires a more complex understanding of the role of experience in classical conditioning, which may take Erica longer to process and respond to.

Question 20

A witness identifies an innocent person seen somewhere else as the perpetrator of a crime.The main reason for this mistake in memory occurring is that
A)new information tends to "overwrite" semantic memories.
B)people often cannot remember the source of a memory.
C)procedural memories are easily confused by similar information.
D)the serial position effect is causing the incorrect retrieval.

Accepted Answer

The witness is experiencing source confusion, which is the inability to remember the source of a memory. This can result in the witness incorrectly attributing the memory to the wrong person or event. The other choices do not accurately explain this type of memory error.

Quiz 33: Memory: Memory Systems

Long-term memory (LTM) is organized into chains of linked ideas within which model of memory?

Information in long-term memory is typically arranged in all of the following EXCEPT

Many tragic cases of mistaken identity occur because the origins of a memory are misremembered,a phenomenon known as

The fact that it is easier for you to think of a canary as a bird before you think of a canary as an animal is explained by the difference in distance between units of information within the

A witness to a crime "remembers" the face of another person that he actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene.Not remembering the source of his or her information explains the formation of _______ memories.

False memories occur because elaborative processing makes us vulnerable to

Many children remember what their parents said they did at very young ages rather than remembering the actual events.Remembering the information,but not the source of the memory explains how which of the following are formed?

Units of information in long-term memory are organized in a complex system of linked meanings,according to which model of memory?

The pattern of associations among items of information within one's memory is referred to as

After appearing live on Australian television,memory expert Donald Thomson was accused of rape.It turns out that the victim was watching him on TV when the actual rapist broke into her apartment.This tragic case of mistaken identity was due to

Students can get a teacher off the subject by asking one slightly off-topic question,which sets up an association with another topic and then to another topic and so on until the teacher is "miles" from what she was originally teaching.This illustrates which model of memory?

Regarding false memories,which of the following statements is FALSE?

According to the network model of memory,the time required to answer questions about objects,events,or individuals depends on

"Memory index" is a term associated with

The process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of associations to other,related memories is called

Source confusion explains how which of the following are formed?

What we remember depends on

A witness identifies an innocent person seen somewhere else as the perpetrator of a crime.The main reason for this mistake in memory occurring is that