Question 1

"H.M." was hesitant to shake hands with a doctor who had pricked him with a pin the day before. This memory was most likely due to __________________.
A) his good semantic memory
B) his poor procedural memory
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s hesitation to shake hands with the doctor is an example of classical conditioning. The pinprick served as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which elicited an unconditioned response (UCR) of pain. The doctor's presence became associated with the pinprick, eventually leading to the doctor's presence becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited a conditioned response (CR) of hesitation or fear. H.M.'s procedural memory was impaired, but his semantic memory was intact, and operant conditioning was not relevant to this situation.

Question 2

Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo's stroke?
A) his amygdala
B) his hypothalamus
C) his hippocampus
D) his cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for spatial memory and navigation, so damage to this area could lead to difficulties with remembering specific routes and locations. The amygdala is involved in emotional processing, the hypothalamus regulates hormonal and physiological processes, and the cerebellum is involved in motor coordination and balance, so none of these structures would play as significant a role in spatial memory as the hippocampus.

Question 3

The key difference between priming and repetition priming is that, unlike priming, repetition priming usually involves ________.
A) multiple exposures of the same stimuli
B) more subtle stimuli
C) more vivid stimuli
D) multiple stimuli

Accepted Answer

Repetition priming involves repeated exposures of the same stimuli, while priming can involve exposure to multiple stimuli or more subtle/vivid stimuli.

Question 4

Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.
A) attention
B) memory space
C) neurotransmitters
D) procedural skills

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing involves performing tasks without conscious effort or attention, which means that less attention is needed compared to controlled processing. The other options (B, C, and D) do not accurately describe the differences between automatic and controlled processing.

Question 5

A skill is like a habit, except that __________________.
A) skills are more flexible
B) skills are less flexible
C) habits are more flexible
D) skills are not learned

Accepted Answer

Skills can be developed and improved upon, while habits are often more ingrained and difficult to change. Skills can also be applied in a variety of situations, making them more versatile and adaptable than habits.

Question 6

Advertising might not directly influence you to buy a product, but it can cause you to notice the presence of that product. This is likely due to __________________.
A) an explicit memory
B) priming of memory
C) a sensory memory
D) free recall

Accepted Answer

Advertising acts as a priming stimulus, which means it can activate related concepts stored in our memory. This priming effect can make us more likely to notice the product when we encounter it later.

Question 7

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______.
A) pay attention to specific stimuli
B) retrieve memories
C) form new memories
D) make sense of memories

Accepted Answer

H. M. had part of his hippocampus removed, which resulted in him being unable to form new memories. He could still retrieve old memories from before the surgery, but could not create new ones.

Question 8

H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in storing new long-term memories.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobes
D) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

H. M.'s case demonstrated that damage to the hippocampus led to difficulties in forming new long-term memories, indicating that the hippocampus is important in the process of memory consolidation. The other options listed do play roles in various aspects of memory processing, but H. M.'s case specifically highlighted the importance of the hippocampus.

Question 9

When trying to memorize a list of words, reading over them several times before recall is an example of ________.
A) elaborative encoding
B) chunking
C) repetition priming
D) dual coding

Accepted Answer

Repetition priming involves repeatedly presenting information in order to enhance subsequent recall or recognition. This is exactly what is happening when reading over a list of words multiple times before trying to recall them. Elaborative encoding involves making meaningful connections between new information and existing knowledge, chunking involves grouping pieces of information together into larger units, and dual coding involves using both verbal and nonverbal cues to encode information. While these may also play a role in the memorization of a list of words, they are not the most accurate description of what is happening in this scenario.

Question 10

Declarative memories are to ________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) general knowledge; personal facts
D) personal facts; general knowledge

Accepted Answer

Declarative memories refer to conscious memories of facts and events, while nondeclarative memories refer to unconscious memories of skills and habits. Implicit memories are another term for nondeclarative memories, and explicit memories are another term for declarative memories. Therefore, choice B is the best match.

Question 11

As you become better and better at a skill, what changes about how you process the information?
A) It moves from controlled to automatic.
B) It requires more effort to process.
C) It requires more and more attention.
D) It moves from automatic to controlled.

Accepted Answer

As you become more skilled at a task, it becomes more automatic and requires less conscious effort to process the information. This is known as automaticity, which is the ability to perform a task without conscious thought or attention. This allows your brain to focus on more complex aspects of the task and make it easier to perform.

Question 12

The famous case of H.M. pertains to an individual who had severe memory loss once his hippocampus was removed. However, he still had a form of ________.
A) semantic memory
B) implicit memory
C) explicit memory
D) declarative memory

Accepted Answer

The best choice is B, implicit memory, because research has shown that H.M. was able to retain some forms of memory even after his hippocampus was removed, such as motor skills and classical conditioning. Implicit memory refers to unconscious memory processes that do not require conscious awareness, such as motor skills and habits. The other choices are not as applicable to H.M.'s case, as he had significant deficits in declarative or explicit memory (memory for facts and events) due to the removal of his hippocampus. Additionally, semantic memory (memory for general knowledge) is a type of declarative memory, so A and D are also not the best choices.

Question 13

The basic idea and rationale behind the study of "knockout mice" is that ________.
A) if a gene is used in a particular function, then knocking out the gene should create a deficit in that function
B) mice who are "knocked out" after receiving a tranquilizer will show diminished recall abilities upon regaining consciousness
C) researchers cannot manipulate a mouse's genetic composition so as to impact its memory
D) extremely aggressive mice tend to recall various maze routes better than less aggressive ones

Accepted Answer

The basic idea behind the study of "knockout mice" is to disable or "knock out" a specific gene in order to determine the gene's function. If the knocked-out gene is used in a particular function, then knocking out the gene should create a deficit in that function. This allows researchers to study the specific role of a gene in a particular biological process. Option B and D are not related to the concept of knockout mice, and option C is incorrect as researchers are able to manipulate a mouse's genetic composition through genetic engineering techniques.

Question 14

A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?
A) The patient will not be able to process colors.
B) The patient will have problems experiencing hunger.
C) The patient will not be able to remember new information.
D) The patient will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a crucial part of the brain for memory formation and consolidation. Removal of the hippocampus can result in anterograde amnesia, meaning the patient will have difficulty forming new memories. Colors and hunger are not processed in the hippocampus, and tasks like block designs involve different areas of the brain.

Question 15

A well-learned response that is carried out automatically when the appropriate stimulus is present is called (a) ________.
A) priming
B) chunk
C) habit
D) consolidation

Accepted Answer

A habit is a learned response that becomes automatic when presented with the appropriate stimulus. Priming refers to when a prior stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus. Chunking is a memory technique that involves grouping information into smaller units to make it easier to remember. Consolidation is the process of strengthening long-term memories.

Question 16

A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his ____________.
A) cortex and medulla
B) cerebellum and pons
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus and thalamus

Accepted Answer

H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after portions of his hippocampus were removed. The hippocampus is a vital part of the brain for forming new memories.

Question 17

In baboons, what is associated with low ranking in social order?
A) larger hippocampus
B) smaller hippocampus
C) larger hypothalamus
D) smaller hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that lower-ranking baboons have smaller hippocampi than higher-ranking baboons. This is thought to be due to the increased stress and lack of control over their environment that lower-ranking individuals experience, leading to a decrease in neurogenesis and brain plasticity. The hypothalamus is not directly associated with social ranking in baboons.

Question 18

What is knocked out in a knockout mouse?
A) part or its memory skills
B) all of the genes
C) particular genes
D) part of the brain

Accepted Answer

A knockout mouse is created by disabling or "knocking out" a specific gene in the mouse's DNA. Therefore, only particular genes are knocked out in a knockout mouse.

Question 19

Even though you may not remember the specific events that led you to have a certain opinion, your opinions nonetheless influence your behavior. This is because your opinions are often based on ________.
A) semantic memory
B) declarative memory
C) explicit memory
D) implicit memory

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory refers to memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness or deliberate intent. Opinions can be formed and stored in implicit memory, meaning they can still influence behavior even if the specifics of how they were formed are not remembered. Semantic, declarative, and explicit memory all refer to memory that is consciously accessible and can be intentionally retrieved, which is not necessarily the case with opinions.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a type of implicit memory?
A) classically conditioned responses
B) operantly conditioned responses
C) non-associative learning
D) habits

Accepted Answer

Operantly conditioned responses are a form of explicit memory because they involve conscious awareness and intention to learn or modify behavior based on consequences, unlike implicit memory which operates without conscious awareness.

Quiz 5: Memory: Living With Yesterday

"H.M." was hesitant to shake hands with a doctor who had pricked him with a pin the day before. This memory was most likely due to __________________.

Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo's stroke?

The key difference between priming and repetition priming is that, unlike priming, repetition priming usually involves ________.

Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.

A skill is like a habit, except that __________________.

Advertising might not directly influence you to buy a product, but it can cause you to notice the presence of that product. This is likely due to __________________.

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______.

H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in storing new long-term memories.

When trying to memorize a list of words, reading over them several times before recall is an example of ________.

Declarative memories are to memories as nondeclarative memories are to __ memories.

As you become better and better at a skill, what changes about how you process the information?

The famous case of H.M. pertains to an individual who had severe memory loss once his hippocampus was removed. However, he still had a form of ________.

The basic idea and rationale behind the study of "knockout mice" is that ________.

A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?

A well-learned response that is carried out automatically when the appropriate stimulus is present is called (a) ________.

A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his ____________.

In baboons, what is associated with low ranking in social order?

What is knocked out in a knockout mouse?

Even though you may not remember the specific events that led you to have a certain opinion, your opinions nonetheless influence your behavior. This is because your opinions are often based on ________.

Which of the following is not a type of implicit memory?