Question 1

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may be activated by which of the following stimuli?
A) leukocytes
B) basophils
C) stimulation of the occipital lobe
D) pain

Accepted Answer

The HPA axis is primarily activated by stress, including physical and emotional stress such as pain. Leukocytes and basophils are not directly involved in the HPA axis. Stimulation of the occipital lobe would not directly activate the HPA axis, although it may contribute to emotional or visual stimuli that can activate the HPA axis.

Question 2

Small electrodes are pasted onto Miranda's scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of___________.
A) a CT scan
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging
C) a microelectrode
D) an electroencephalograph

Accepted Answer

The description in the passage refers to the use of small electrodes on Miranda's scalp that are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. This is a classic description of electroencephalography (EEG), where electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the electrical activity of the brain. Therefore, the best choice is D, an electroencephalograph. The other options are not consistent with the description given in the passage.

Question 3

Which of the following allows for the visualization of brain function?
A) CT
B) MRI
C) PET
D) EEG

Accepted Answer

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) allows for the visualization of brain function by injecting a small amount of radioactive substance into the bloodstream and tracking its uptake in different areas of the brain. This allows for the measurement of blood flow and metabolism in specific brain regions, providing information about brain activity. CT and MRI provide information about brain structure, while EEG (Electroencephalography) measures electrical activity in the brain but does not provide detailed information about brain structure or function.

Question 4

If someone has suffered a stroke, then one can infer that the affected region of brain tissue has ___________.
A) failed to receive enough oxygen to sustain the neurons in the region
B) started leaking cerebrospinal fluid
C) started to heal itself
D) temporarily become dormant

Accepted Answer

Stroke occurs when the blood flow to a region of the brain is disrupted, leading to the death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen and nutrients.

Question 5

Functional magnetic resonance imaging detects where more brain activity is occurring by ___________.
A) detecting the amount of oxygen that is being brought to a particular place in the brain
B) where atoms are pulling apart
C) tracking the path of radiation
D) simply having a sharp image of the brain

Accepted Answer

fMRI works by detecting changes in blood oxygenation levels in different areas of the brain. When a particular area of the brain is more active, it requires more oxygenated blood, which leads to an increase in blood flow to that area. This increase in blood flow is detected by the fMRI and is used to create a map of brain activity.

Question 6

The basic premises of Mendelian inheritance were derived after an Augustinian monk observed the characteristics of _________ that he bred.
A) plants
B) cats
C) rabbits
D) horses

Accepted Answer

The Augustinian monk referred to is Gregor Mendel, who observed the characteristics of plants that he bred in his experiments with pea plants.

Question 7

Research investigating the role of the brain in processing music suggests that ___________.
A) there is no single "music center" in the brain
B) the left hemisphere houses the "music center"
C) the "music center" is housed within the right parietal lobe
D) the right hemisphere houses the "music center"

Accepted Answer

Research in neuroscience has shown that music processing is distributed across various regions of the brain rather than being localized to a single "music center." This indicates that both hemispheres and multiple brain areas are involved in different aspects of musical perception and production.

Question 8

________ , or scanning techniques, yield information concerning brain structure and function.
A) Neuroimaging
B) Electroencephalogram
C) Magnetoencephalograpy
D) Single-cell recording

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging techniques such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), and fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are used to study brain structure and function. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG) are also used to study brain function, but they do not provide information on brain structure. Single-cell recording is a method used to study neuronal activity in animals, but is not commonly used in human studies.

Question 9

Rashad is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo?
A) electroencephalography (EEG)
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) computed tomography (CT)
D) positron emission tomography (PET)

Accepted Answer

Rashad is about to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure, as it involves placing him inside a magnetic field to create three-dimensional images of his brain. Option A (electroencephalography) involves measuring brain activity through electrodes placed on the scalp, while option C (computed tomography) involves taking X-ray images from different angles to create a 3D image. Option D (positron emission tomography) involves injecting a radioactive substance into the blood to measure brain activity.

Question 10

________ is a method in which researchers stimulate the brain by putting a wire coil on a person's head and discharging a large current through the coil, thus creating a magnetic field.
A) TMS
B) MRI
C) fMRI
D) CT

Accepted Answer

The method described in the question is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). MRI, fMRI, and CT are imaging techniques that do not involve direct stimulation of the brain through a coil.

Question 11

A brain-imaging method called ______________ takes advantage of the magnetic properties of different atoms to take sharp, three-dimensional images of the brain.
A) electroencephalography (EEG)
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) positron emission magnetography (PEM)
D) computed tomography (CT)

Accepted Answer

MRI takes advantage of the magnetic properties of different atoms to create detailed images of the brain. EEG measures electrical activity and is not three-dimensional. PEM measures the distribution of radioactive isotopes and is not as commonly used as MRI. CT uses X-rays to create images and is not as detailed as MRI.

Question 12

Which of the following is a record produced by a machine designed to record the patterns of electrical activity on the surface of the brain?
A) deep lesioning
B) ESB
C) EEG
D) CT scan

Accepted Answer

EEG (Electroencephalogram) is a record produced by a machine designed to record the patterns of electrical activity on the surface of the brain. A deep lesioning is a surgical procedure that destroys a small region of the brain, ESB (Electrical Stimulation of the Brain) involves sending a weak electric current into a specific area of the brain to stimulate neural activity, and CT scan (Computed Tomography) is a type of imaging that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body.

Question 13

An example of how music affects events at the level of the group is the finding that ___________.
A) music activates regions in both hemispheres
B) music can improve one's mood
C) social factors can influence the type of music an individual prefers
D) playing music can relax people

Accepted Answer

Music's influence on group events is often mediated by social factors, which can dictate the type of music preferred by individuals within that group. This reflects how music preferences can be shaped by cultural, social, or communal contexts, affecting events at the group level.

Question 14

Ali is in the hospital about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves taking many X rays from different angles aided by the use of a computer. What type of imaging technique is being used?
A) electroencephalography (EEG)
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) positron-emission tomography (PET)
D) computed tomography (CT)

Accepted Answer

The imaging process described in the scenario involves taking X-rays from different angles aided by a computer, which is a characteristic of computed tomography (CT). EEG involves recording electrical activity in the brain, MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create images, and PET involves injecting a radioactive tracer to image metabolic activity in the brain. None of these techniques are described in the scenario.

Question 15

If Mindy's doctor has taken a three-dimensional image of her brain using X rays, then she has likely had a(n) ________.
A) EEG
B) MRI
C) CT
D) PET

Accepted Answer

A CT (Computed Tomography) scan uses X-rays to create three-dimensional images of the brain (or other parts of the body), making it the correct choice. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves, EEG measures electrical activity, and PET uses a radioactive tracer to observe metabolic processes.

Question 16

Electroencephalograph is to electroencephalogram as ________.
A) recording is to machine
B) machine is to tracing
C) brain is to wave
D) sleep is to awake

Accepted Answer

"Electroencephalograph" refers to the machine that records the electrical activity of the brain, while "electroencephalogram" refers to the tracing or recording of that activity. Similarly, "machine" refers to the electroencephalograph, while "tracing" refers to the electroencephalogram. Therefore, the correct analogy is B) machine is to tracing.

Question 17

Imagine that you are motivated to learn how to play the guitar by listening to others, which in turn results in changes in your brain. This scenario best illustrates which of the following levels of analysis?
A) brain and person
B) person and group
C) brain, person, and group
D) brain, person

Accepted Answer

This scenario involves changes in the brain (neuroplasticity), the individual's motivation and learning (person), and the influence of others (group), thus encompassing all three levels of analysis: brain, person, and group.

Question 18

Which of the following allows for the visualization of brain structures?
A) EEG
B) MRI
C) PET
D) fMRI

Accepted Answer

MRI allows for the visualization of brain structures by using magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain.

Question 19

A microelectrode would be placed into a human's brain ________.
A) only after death
B) only in order to treat mental illness
C) during a single-cell recording
D) while an EEG is administered

Accepted Answer

A microelectrode is typically used during a single-cell recording in order to measure the electrical activity of individual neurons in the brain. It may also be used in certain types of research studies or clinical procedures, but generally not for treating mental illness or administering EEGs. Placing a microelectrode into a human brain after death would not provide any relevant information.

Question 20

Evidence indicating the localization of function in the brain was first seen as a result of ________.
A) correlational studies
B) naturalistic observation
C) surveys
D) accidents

Accepted Answer

Evidence indicating the localization of function in the brain was first seen as a result of accidents, such as the case of Phineas Gage, whose frontal lobe damage resulted in a change in his personality and behavior.

Quiz 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: The Brain in Action

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may be activated by which of the following stimuli?

Small electrodes are pasted onto Miranda's scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of___________.

Which of the following allows for the visualization of brain function?

If someone has suffered a stroke, then one can infer that the affected region of brain tissue has ___________.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging detects where more brain activity is occurring by ___________.

The basic premises of Mendelian inheritance were derived after an Augustinian monk observed the characteristics of _________ that he bred.

Research investigating the role of the brain in processing music suggests that ___________.

________ , or scanning techniques, yield information concerning brain structure and function.

Rashad is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo?

________ is a method in which researchers stimulate the brain by putting a wire coil on a person's head and discharging a large current through the coil, thus creating a magnetic field.

A brain-imaging method called ______________ takes advantage of the magnetic properties of different atoms to take sharp, three-dimensional images of the brain.

Which of the following is a record produced by a machine designed to record the patterns of electrical activity on the surface of the brain?

An example of how music affects events at the level of the group is the finding that ___________.

Ali is in the hospital about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves taking many X rays from different angles aided by the use of a computer. What type of imaging technique is being used?

If Mindy's doctor has taken a three-dimensional image of her brain using X rays, then she has likely had a(n) ________.

Electroencephalograph is to electroencephalogram as ________.

Imagine that you are motivated to learn how to play the guitar by listening to others, which in turn results in changes in your brain. This scenario best illustrates which of the following levels of analysis?

Which of the following allows for the visualization of brain structures?

A microelectrode would be placed into a human's brain ________.

Evidence indicating the localization of function in the brain was first seen as a result of ________.