Question 1

Cross-cultural research on competition and cooperation in play seems to suggest that children play more cooperatively when their parents

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research suggests that children play more cooperatively when their parents praise them for at least trying even if they fail. This promotes a growth mindset and encourages children to continue to try and improve rather than to feel defeated and give up. Choosing difficult goals, encouraging not admitting defeat, and set high expectations may lead to a competitive mindset, which can lead to less cooperative play.

Question 2

Which statement about aggression in lower animal play is correct?

Accepted Answer

Aggressive play among animals, including rough-and-tumble activities, often involves behaviors that mimic aggression without the intent to cause harm. This allows animals to practice social and survival skills in a relatively safe context, where they learn to moderate their strength and understand social cues, reducing the likelihood of causing serious injury to one another.

Question 3

As is true of human play, the play of lower animals is characterized by an element of

Accepted Answer

Lower animals, just like human beings, engage in play that involves pretend behavior. This is exhibited in the behavior of young animals as they learn skills necessary for survival. For instance, a young lion may engage in playful fighting with its siblings in preparation for future actual fights during hunting or territorial battles. Such play behavior is not based on rational choice, but it is an instinctual behavior necessary for the animal's survival.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about play in lower animal species is not true?

Accepted Answer

Not all animal species engage in play; it is more commonly observed in mammals and some birds, but not universally across all species.

Question 5

Play among birds is most typically found in those that have the

Accepted Answer

Play behavior requires cognitive processing and problem-solving abilities, which are typically associated with larger brains. Therefore, play is most commonly observed in species with larger brains, such as birds of prey and corvids. The other options are not directly related to play behavior among birds.

Question 6

Cultures that emphasize ___________ are the most likely to value cooperation in the games of their children.

Accepted Answer

Cultures that emphasize collectivism prioritize the needs and goals of the group over the individual. In these cultures, cooperation and harmony within the group are highly valued. Therefore, children in these cultures are more likely to be encouraged to cooperate and work as a team in games and activities.

Question 7

A game such as Checkers, Chess, or Twenty Questions is a game of

Accepted Answer

Checkers, Chess, and Twenty Questions all require strategy and planning ahead in order to win. There is little to no element of chance involved in these games, and while physical skill may be needed in certain cases (such as in moving the game pieces), it is not the primary focus of the game. Cooperation is not a factor in these games, as they are typically played head-to-head against one opponent or in small groups.

Question 8

Which is true of the relationship between animal play and skill in "real world" situations?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that animals who engage in more play during their juvenile stages tend to develop better motor skills and other abilities that are beneficial in real-world situations as adults.

Question 9

In cultures in which children participate regularly in the life of the community, which roles are they most likely to assume in make-believe play?

Accepted Answer

In cultures where children are actively involved in community life, they often emulate the adult roles they observe daily in their make-believe play, reflecting the realistic social and work roles of their environment.

Question 10

Lower socioeconomic status children in the United States engage in ___________ symbolic play than middle class children do.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds engage in less sophisticated symbolic play compared to their middle-class counterparts. This may be due to fewer opportunities for play that foster the development of these skills, such as access to toys that encourage imaginative play or fewer opportunities for social interaction with peers who can facilitate more complex play scenarios.

Question 11

In her research on Mayan children in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Suzanne Gaskins found that Mayan parents valued play because it

Accepted Answer

The answer of In her research on Mayan children in...

Question 12

Which group of children have been found to be the most competitive in studies that used the Madsen Cooperation Board?

Accepted Answer

Studies using the Madsen Cooperation Board have found that Anglo-American children tend to be the most competitive.

Question 13

Which is not true of the relationship between competition and cooperation in games?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true. Many cultures have games that involve both competition and cooperation, or have games that can be played in either a competitive or cooperative mode.

Question 14

When Madsen and Shapira compared children from various cultural groups as they played with the Cooperation Board, they discovered that

Accepted Answer

Children from less technologically-advanced cultures tended to cooperate more than those from advanced Western cultures, indicating cultural differences in the approach to cooperation and competition.

Question 15

In cultures with limited technological sophistication, for whom survival is a day-to-day affair, one is likely to find

Accepted Answer

The answer of In cultures with limited technological sophistication, for...

Question 16

In Farver and Shin's (1997) study of the play of Korean-American children in preschool settings, it was found that, compared to Anglo-Americans, these children

Accepted Answer

According to the study by Farver and Shin (1997), Korean-American children involved themselves less often in social pretend play compared to Anglo-Americans.

Question 17

The most reasonable interpretation of socioeconomic differences in symbolic play is that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that lower SES children tend to have less access to resources that facilitate symbolic play, such as toys and books, and may not be exposed to the same amount or quality of language experiences as their middle class peers. They may also have different attitudes toward the school environment, such as not seeing education as valuable or being less engaged in school activities. This can impact their development of symbolic play skills. The other answer choices are not supported by research and do not provide a reasonable explanation for the observed differences in symbolic play.

Question 18

When Japanese mothers play with their toddlers, they are more likely to emphasize ____________ than American mothers do.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that Japanese mothers tend to emphasize communication skills and language development more than American mothers when playing with their toddlers. This is due to the cultural value placed on harmonious relationships and effective communication within Japanese society.

Question 19

Cultures whose fortunes depend on uncontrollable factors, such as weather conditions, are likely to emphasize

Accepted Answer

Cultures that depend on uncontrollable factors would likely emphasize games of chance, as these provide an opportunity to gain something valuable without relying solely on one's own personal skill or effort. Games of physical skill and strategy may not be as appealing, as they require more effort and practice to master.

Question 20

Rhesus monkeys raised without an opportunity to interact with their peers

Accepted Answer

Rhesus monkeys raised without an opportunity to interact with their peers are delayed in their social and sexual development. Without social interaction with their peers, they do not learn proper social behaviors and may have difficulty interacting with other monkeys when they are eventually introduced to them.

Quiz 2: Ethological and Cultural Perspectives