Question 1

What is defined as the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them?

Accepted Answer

Parental demandingness refers to the extent to which parents set rules and expectations for their children's behavior and require compliance. It is an important aspect of parenting that can influence a child's development and well-being. The other options - parental strictness, parenting styles, and discipline strategies - are related concepts but do not capture the same idea as parental demandingness.

Question 2

As soon as Grant started to play patty-cake with his classmate Emma,he was teased and ridiculed by the boys in the class.Grant quickly learned that patty-cake is a form of play that is reserved for girls and not boys.Grant's process of learning the roles of "maleness" and "femaleness" is ____.

Accepted Answer

Gender socialization refers to the process through which individuals learn and internalize gender roles and norms that are associated with their gender identity. In this case, Grant learned that playing patty-cake is considered feminine and not appropriate for boys, which is an example of gender socialization. The other answer choices do not accurately describe Grant's process of learning gender roles.

Question 3

Your brother has a daughter in early childhood who has an excessive degree of self-regulation.He is not quite sure if he should be happy,since she very rarely has any difficulties,or if he should be concerned.What would you tell him?

Accepted Answer

While self-regulation is generally a desirable trait, an excessive degree of it, also known as overcontrol, can have negative impacts on a child's emotional development. Overcontrolled children tend to struggle with anxiety, depression, and difficulty expressing emotions as they grow older. It is important for your brother to monitor his daughter's emotional well-being and provide her with opportunities to learn how to express herself in healthy ways.

Question 4

As a child becomes better at perspective-taking and develops a greater ability to understand the emotions and feelings of others,he or she will have a greater capacity to experience ____.

Accepted Answer

As children develop their perspective-taking abilities and emotional understanding, they become better able to empathize with others. Empathy involves being able to understand and share the emotions and feelings of others, which requires a degree of perspective-taking and emotional regulation. Therefore, as children improve in these areas, they will have a greater capacity for empathy.

Question 5

Shweder found that by about age 5,children already grasp the moral standards of their culture.However,what happens to their cultural views as they reach adolescence and adulthood?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shweder found that by about age 5,children...

Question 6

When boys insist on doing things that are "boy's things" and avoid doing things that "girls do," what is happening?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When boys insist on doing things that...

Question 7

By the end of early childhood,Indian children have learned not just that menstruating women do not cook food or sleep with their husbands,they also ____.

Accepted Answer

The sentence indicates that children learn that menstruating women should not perform certain tasks due to moral implications. Therefore, option C is the best choice. Option A, that Indian children come to believe their mothers are lazy, is not supported by the sentence. Option B, that fathers are forbidding mothers from performing certain tasks, is also not mentioned in the sentence. Option D, that it just makes sense for mothers not to perform certain tasks during menstruation, is not a moral justification and is not emphasized in the sentence.

Question 8

What is defined as the practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about these practices?

Accepted Answer

Parenting styles are defined as the practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about these practices. The other options (A, B, and D) are either too broad or too specific to fully encompass this definition.

Question 9

What is an example of "internalizing problems" that results from overcontrol of emotions in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Overcontrol of emotions in early childhood can lead to internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression. Children who are taught to suppress their emotions and not express themselves may struggle with regulating their emotions later in life, leading to anxiety and depression. Other options are not directly related to overcontrol of emotions in childhood.

Question 10

In the story presented in the textbook regarding a little boy and his father who were in a terrible automobile accident,the father died,but the boy was rushed to the hospital.As the boy was rushed into surgery,the doctor looked down at him and said,"I cannot operate on this boy,he is my son!" Many people find this story puzzling because they assume the doctor is male.This story represents what concept?

Accepted Answer

The story highlights the gender schema that assumes doctors are male, which is why many people find it puzzling when it is revealed that the doctor in question is actually a woman. Gender schemas are the cognitive structures that shape the way individuals perceive and interpret gender.

Question 11

Authoritative parenting style is characteristic of ____.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting style is characterized by high demandingness, which means that parents expect their children to follow rules and respect others, and high responsiveness, which means that parents are warm and supportive towards their children, and they communicate with them in an open and constructive way. This parenting style is associated with positive outcomes for children, such as high self-esteem, better social skills, and academic success.

Question 12

Which of the following parenting styles is characteristic of high demandingness and high responsiveness?

Accepted Answer

The parenting style that is characteristic of high demandingness (control) and high responsiveness (support) is the authoritative style. This style involves setting clear rules and expectations, enforcing consequences for misbehavior, and being warm and supportive towards children's emotional and developmental needs. Parents who use this style balance a high degree of control with open communication, affection, and empathy towards their children.

Question 13

What term describes that individuals understand themselves as being either male or female?

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to the individual's innate sense of being male or female. It is a subjective internal sense of one's own gender, and may or may not correspond with one's physical sex. Gender development refers to the process of acquiring gender-related information and learning gender roles. Gender constancy refers to the understanding that one's gender remains the same across time and situations. Gender role refers to the set of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that are culturally associated with being male or female.

Question 14

Whose research on middle-class White American families,along with the research of other scholars inspired by this individual's ideas,was involved in examining how individuals parented their children?

Accepted Answer

Diana Baumrind's research on middle-class White American families involved examining how individuals parented their children. Her work led to the development of the Baumrind Parenting Styles, which identified four different styles of parenting based on how much warmth and structure parents provide for their children: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. Her research has been influential in the field of developmental psychology and parenting.

Question 15

What term describes the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change?

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy is the term that describes the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change. Gender development refers to the process by which individuals acquire their gender identity, gender roles refer to societal expectations of behavior and attitudes for males and females, and gender identity refers to an individual's sense of being male or female.

Question 16

Demandingness is also known as ____,and responsiveness is also known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Demandingness refers to the amount of control or structure a parent provides for their child, while responsiveness refers to the amount of warmth or support a parent provides. Therefore, option A correctly identifies which term is associated with control (demandingness) and which is associated with warmth (responsiveness).

Question 17

Children who have problems of undercontrol of their emotions are at risk for ____.

Accepted Answer

Children who have problems with undercontrol of their emotions are at risk for aggression and conflict in early childhood and beyond. These problems may persist into adulthood and lead to difficulties with forming stable relationships and mental health issues.

Question 18

What is defined as the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love,warmth,and concern for them?

Accepted Answer

Parental responsiveness is defined as the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them. A and B are not the correct choices because they focus on aspects of parenting that are related to control and discipline rather than emotional responsiveness. C is a broader term that encompasses both responsiveness and demandingness, which refers to the extent to which parents set rules and expectations for their children's behavior.

Question 19

According to modeling theory,after observing multiple occasions of others' behaviors being rewarded or punished,children conclude ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to modeling theory,after observing multiple occasions...

Question 20

____ is (are)a gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information.

Accepted Answer

Gender schemas are cognitive structures that organize and process information based on gender. They are formed through socialization and experience and can influence how individuals perceive and interpret gender-related information.

Quiz 6: Early Childhood