Question 1

A biomedical treatment for severe depression in which a brief electrical current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient is

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a biomedical treatment for severe depression in which a brief electrical current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. This causes a brief seizure and has been shown to be effective in treating severe depression, although it is typically reserved for cases that do not respond to other treatments. Options A, B, and D are not accurate descriptions of ECT.

Question 2

SSRIs work by

Accepted Answer

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) work by slowing down the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses, which leads to an increase in serotonin levels in the brain. This increase in serotonin is believed to alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, as serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.

Question 3

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are prescribed to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are prescribed to
...

Question 4

Increasing the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin helps relieve depression because these neurotransmitters

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine and serotonin are both involved in regulating arousal and mood. Increasing their availability can elevate arousal and improve mood, which can help relieve symptoms of depression.

Question 5

Compared with ECT,rTMS is ________ likely to produce seizures and ________ likely to produce memory loss.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared with ECT,rTMS is ________ likely to...

Question 6

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from electroconvulsive therapy?

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy is most commonly used to treat severe depression that has not responded to other treatments, particularly in cases where the individual is suicidal. Mark, who has attempted suicide, is therefore the most likely to benefit from this treatment.

Question 7

Alex feels so hopeless and depressed that he has recently thought about taking his own life.The drug most likely to prove beneficial to him is

Accepted Answer

Prozac is an antidepressant medication that works by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain. This can help alleviate symptoms of depression, including feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Ativan, Xanax, and Thorazine are not typically used as first-line treatments for depression and may not address the root of Alex's symptoms.

Question 8

Antidepressant drugs have been found to be less effective than originally thought in large part because patient improvement often results from both natural recovery and

Accepted Answer

Antidepressant drugs have been found to be less effective than originally thought because of the placebo effect, where patients may experience improvement simply because they believe they are receiving a helpful treatment. Natural recovery may also contribute to patient improvement.

Question 9

Dual-action antidepressant drugs work by increasing the availability of

Accepted Answer

Dual-action antidepressant drugs work by increasing the availability of both norepinephrine and serotonin. Norepinephrine and serotonin are neurotransmitters that are involved in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep, among other things. Increasing their availability in the brain can help alleviate symptoms of depression. Other options listed do not accurately describe the mechanism of action of dual-action antidepressants.

Question 10

The use of deep-brain stimulation for treating depression involves manipulating activity in a neural hub that bridges the frontal lobes to the

Accepted Answer

The answer of The use of deep-brain stimulation for treating...

Question 11

It has been suggested that the effectiveness of ________ results from energizing the left frontal lobe of the brain.

Accepted Answer

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) involves using magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. Studies have shown that this technique can be effective in treating depression, and it has been suggested that this is due to its ability to energize the left frontal lobe of the brain, which is often underactive in people with depression.

Question 12

Mr.McCardle's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a grandiose optimism about his future.Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate his symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Mr. McCardle's symptoms suggest that he may have bipolar disorder with symptoms of depression and mania/hypomania. Lithium is a common medication used to stabilize mood and reduce the frequency and severity of manic and depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder. Ativan, Thorazine, and Xanax are not typically used to treat bipolar disorder and may not effectively address Mr. McCardle's symptoms.

Question 13

Naturally occurring ________ in drinking water has correlated with lower suicide rates across 18 Japanese cities and towns.

Accepted Answer

The naturally occurring substance in drinking water that has been correlated with lower suicide rates is lithium. Chlorpromazine, risperidone and olanzapine are all medications used to treat mental health disorders and are not naturally occurring in drinking water.

Question 14

Prozac,Zoloft,and Paxil are called

Accepted Answer

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil belong to the class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). They are commonly used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 15

Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients who have not responded to drug therapy?

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often used as a last resort for severely depressed patients who have not responded to drug therapy. It involves passing electric current through the brain to induce a brief seizure, which can improve symptoms in some patients. A lobotomy is a highly invasive surgical procedure that is rarely used today due to its significant risks and negative side effects. Exposure therapy is typically used for anxiety disorders, not depression. The double-blind procedure is a research method used to minimize bias in clinical trials, and is not a treatment for depression.

Question 16

Lithium has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Lithium is most commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly in preventing manic episodes. It is not typically used to treat anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, or dissociative disorders.

Question 17

Researchers are exploring the possible use of quicker-acting antidepressants such as ketamine,which blocks receptor sites for the neurotransmitter

Accepted Answer

Ketamine blocks receptor sites for the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Question 18

Tony's episodes of depression have not been relieved by antidepressant drugs or psychotherapy.If physicians decide,as a last resort,to administer the safest and least-invasive brain stimulation therapy to treat Tony,they would recommend

Accepted Answer

rTMS, or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, is a non-invasive brain stimulation therapy that has shown promise for treating depression when other treatments have not been effective. It involves using a magnetic field to stimulate specific areas of the brain, which can improve symptoms of depression. Deep-brain stimulation, while also a potential option for treatment-resistant depression, is more invasive and carries more risks. Lobotomy is an outdated and irreversible surgical procedure that is not used for treating depression. ECT, or electroconvulsive therapy, is also a potential option for treatment-resistant depression, but it is more invasive and associated with more side effects and risks than rTMS.

Question 19

Depakote,a drug originally used to treat epilepsy,has been found to be effective in the control of

Accepted Answer

Depakote has been found to be effective in the control of manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. It works by stabilizing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, which helps to control mood swings. It is not effective in treating tardive dyskinesia, auditory hallucinations, or phobias.

Question 20

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation shows the greatest promise for the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown the most promise in the treatment of depression. It involves emitting magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, which has been shown to increase the activity of the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain associated with mood regulation. While there is some evidence for rTMS in the treatment of other disorders such as schizophrenia, phobias, and PTSD, the evidence is not as strong as it is for depression.

Quiz 15: Therapy