Question 1

For both men and women,the ________ of dreams include an unpleasant event or emotion and the ________ of dreams involve sexual imagery.
A) minority;minority
B) majority;majority
C) minority;majority
D) majority;minority

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the majority of people's dreams (both men and women) involve sexual imagery, while the minority of dreams include unpleasant events or emotions.

Question 2

According to Freud,the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its
A) manifest content.
B) paradoxical content.
C) latent content.
D) hallucinatory content.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its latent content, which is hidden or disguised beneath the manifest content. The manifest content is the literal and surface-level of the dream, while the latent content is the underlying and symbolic meaning.

Question 3

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving
A) temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
B) periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
C) hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.
D) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder where an individual experiences temporary cessations of breathing during sleep. This can be due to a variety of factors, including obstruction of the airway or neurological issues. It can lead to daytime fatigue, headaches, and other health issues if left untreated.

Question 4

According to Freud,the manifest content of a dream refers to the
A) hypnagogic sensations preceding a dream.
B) rapid eye movements during a dream.
C) remembered story line of a dream.
D) underlying meaning of a dream.

Accepted Answer

The manifest content of a dream refers to the remembered story line of a dream. It is what we consciously experience while we are dreaming, including the people, places, and events that we see and interact with in our dreams.

Question 5

Our capacity to monitor external stimuli well enough to stroll around our house while sleeping,best illustrates that we function with a
A) circadian rhythm.
B) two-track mind.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep debt

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon of being able to monitor external stimuli while sleeping is an example of our two-track mind at work, in which some parts of our brain remain alert even during sleep to respond to potential threats or important information. The other options, including circadian rhythm (a pattern of biological processes that fluctuate over a 24-hour cycle), REM rebound (an increase in the amount and intensity of rapid eye movement sleep after a period of sleep deprivation), and sleep debt (the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep over time) do not fully explain this particular phenomenon.

Question 6

When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with cold water,they were more likely than other dreamers to experience
A) sleep apnea.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) dreams about water.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

Spraying dreamers' faces with cold water can influence their dream content, making them more likely to dream about water. This is because external stimuli can sometimes be incorporated into the content of dreams.

Question 7

Preserving and expanding the brain's neural pathways has been suggested as an important function of
A) free radicals.
B) EEG recordings.
C) sleep spindles.
D) dreaming.

Accepted Answer

Dreaming is believed to play a role in preserving and expanding the brain's neural pathways, helping in memory consolidation and emotional regulation, among other cognitive functions.

Question 8

According to Freud,people dream in order to
A) give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes.
B) prepare themselves for the challenges of the following day.
C) strengthen their memories of the preceding day's events.
D) accomplish all of these goals.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, dreams represent a disguised fulfilment of repressed desires and wishes that the dreamer is not able to fulfil in waking life. These desires and wishes may be threatening to the dreamer's psychological well-being, and dreaming provides a safe outlet for their expression. Therefore, the purpose of dreaming is to give expression to these personally threatening drives and wishes.

Question 9

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.
A) somatosensory cortex
B) limbic system
C) frontal lobes
D) pineal gland

Accepted Answer

The limbic system, which is involved in processing emotions, is particularly active during REM sleep. This increased activity may contribute to the emotional tone of our dreams.

Question 10

Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?
A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) night terrors
D) insomnia

Accepted Answer

Night terrors are more common in children than in adults.

Question 11

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?
A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder where an individual experiences excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep. This can be extremely dangerous for a commercial bus driver as they may fall asleep at the wheel, putting themselves and their passengers at risk. Night terrors and sleepwalking would not necessarily affect a driver's ability to stay awake and alert, while insomnia could make it difficult for the driver to fall asleep but would not cause sudden attacks of sleep.

Question 12

About three hours after he falls asleep,Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently.His mother tries to awaken him,but with no success.The next morning,he remembers nothing.It appears that Bobby suffers from
A) night terrors.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep spindles.
D) sleep apnea.

Accepted Answer

The description of Bobby's episodes is characteristic of night terrors, which are a type of sleep disorder that typically occurs during the first third of the night (a few hours after falling asleep), involves screaming or shouting, and often leaves the person in a state of confusion and disorientation upon awakening. Unlike nightmares, which occur during REM sleep and often involve vivid and memorable content, night terrors occur during non-REM sleep and are typically accompanied by physiological symptoms such as sweating and a rapid heart rate. Bobby's lack of recall the next morning is also consistent with night terrors, which are often not remembered by the person who experiences them. The other options (narcolepsy, sleep spindles, and sleep apnea) are unrelated to the symptoms described by Bobby.

Question 13

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience
A) REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) sleep spindles.

Accepted Answer

The article is discussing a study on rats learning to navigate a maze and how the same brain regions that were active during the learning process showed similar activity patterns during REM sleep. Therefore, the correct choice is A, as it directly relates to the topic of the article. Choices B, C, and D are not relevant to the article or the topic being discussed.

Question 14

Mr.Dayton often stops breathing while sleeping.He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep.Mrs.Dayton complains that her husband snores.Clearly,Mr.Dayton suffers from
A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Accepted Answer

Mr. Dayton's symptoms of snoring and stopping breathing during sleep point towards sleep apnea, a sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. The snorting and gasping for air when waking up is a common symptom of sleep apnea.

Question 15

Shane,a straight-A student,remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test.According to Freud,Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.
A) paradoxical
B) latent
C) hypnagogic
D) manifest

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, the manifest content of a dream refers to the actual images and events that occur in the dream, while the latent content refers to the underlying, unconscious thoughts and desires that the dream represents. In this scenario, Shane's memory of dreaming about failing a test represents the actual events of the dream (manifest content).

Question 16

A sequence of vivid,emotional,and often bizarre images that pass through a sleeping person's mind describes
A) a daydream.
B) night terrors.
C) a dream.
D) sleep apnea.

Accepted Answer

A sequence of vivid, emotional, and often bizarre images that pass through a sleeping person's mind describes a dream.

Question 17

Sleeptalking may occur during
A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) any stage of sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleeptalking can occur during any stage of sleep, although it is most common during REM sleep.

Question 18

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why
A) most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.
B) people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
C) dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form.
D) individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams.

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis theory proposes that the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity during REM sleep, resulting in the experience of sudden visual images or "dreams." This theory does not focus on the content of dreams, such as whether they are realistic portrayals of pleasant events or express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form. Sleep apnea, which refers to a breathing disorder during sleep, is not directly related to dream recall.

Question 19

Josef,a high school student,tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger.The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father.According to Freud,the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.
A) manifest
B) latent
C) circadian
D) hypnagogic

Accepted Answer

The therapist is revealing the latent content of Josef's dream, as Freud believed that dreams have a hidden, unconscious meaning (the latent content) that is disguised by the manifest content (the actual events and images of the dream). In this case, the therapist is interpreting the symbolic events of the dream (hunting and killing a ferocious tiger) as reflecting Josef's unconscious hostility towards his father.

Question 20

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking are most likely to be experienced during
A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) young adulthood.
D) old age.

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking are most common in childhood, with prevalence rates of up to 15% in children aged 4-6 years old. These behaviors tend to decrease in frequency as children enter adolescence and young adulthood.

Quiz 8: Prenatal Development and the Newborn

For both men and women,the of dreams include an unpleasant event or emotion and the of dreams involve sexual imagery.

According to Freud,the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

According to Freud,the manifest content of a dream refers to the

Our capacity to monitor external stimuli well enough to stroll around our house while sleeping,best illustrates that we function with a

When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with cold water,they were more likely than other dreamers to experience

Preserving and expanding the brain's neural pathways has been suggested as an important function of

According to Freud,people dream in order to

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.

Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

About three hours after he falls asleep,Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently.His mother tries to awaken him,but with no success.The next morning,he remembers nothing.It appears that Bobby suffers from

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

Mr.Dayton often stops breathing while sleeping.He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep.Mrs.Dayton complains that her husband snores.Clearly,Mr.Dayton suffers from

Shane,a straight-A student,remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test.According to Freud,Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

A sequence of vivid,emotional,and often bizarre images that pass through a sleeping person's mind describes

Sleeptalking may occur during

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking are most likely to be experienced during