Question 1

While Rolf claims that he provides more than half of his daughter's care,his wife feels that he provides very little care.Rolf's mistaken belief best illustrates
A) the spotlight effect.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) self-serving bias.

Accepted Answer

Rolf's mistaken belief that he provides more than half of his daughter's care is a clear example of self-serving bias. This bias refers to the tendency to take credit for successes but to blame external factors for failures or shortcomings. In this case, Rolf sees himself as a more involved parent than his wife because it boosts his self-esteem and confirms his positive self-image. However, his wife's perspective suggests that his perception is inaccurate and biased in his favor.

Question 2

An inflated sense of self-esteem and self-love is characteristic of people who exhibit
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) narcissism.
C) secure self-esteem.
D) self-efficacy.

Accepted Answer

People who exhibit an inflated sense of self-esteem and self-love are exhibiting narcissism.

Question 3

Ignorance of what we don't know sustains our
A) self-esteem.
B) self-image.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-confidence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ignorance of what we don't know sustains...

Question 4

Narcissism is associated with
A) less gambling and less cheating.
B) less gambling and more cheating.
C) more gambling and less cheating.
D) more gambling and more cheating.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that narcissism is associated with higher levels of risk-taking behavior, such as gambling. Additionally, narcissistic individuals are more likely to engage in dishonest or unethical behavior, such as cheating. Therefore, the best choice is D, more gambling and more cheating.

Question 5

Alexis brags excessively about her good looks and frequently deceives others in order to establish romantic relationships with them.Her behavior most clearly illustrates
A) the false consensus effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) narcissism.

Accepted Answer

Alexis's behavior patterns of excessive self-praise, deception, and seeking admiration suggest that she displays narcissistic behavior. Narcissism is a personality disorder characterized by a sense of grandiosity, a lack of empathy, and a need for attention and admiration from others.

Question 6

Researchers have found that personal insults are especially likely to trigger a response of aggression from those who experience
A) high self-efficacy.
B) reaction formation.
C) inflated self-esteem.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

Insults can threaten one's self-esteem, and those with inflated self-esteem may be more sensitive to such threats, leading to a heightened aggressive response.

Question 7

The better-than-average effect best illustrates
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) free association.
D) self-serving bias.

Accepted Answer

The better-than-average effect refers to people's tendency to overestimate their abilities and performance, which is a form of self-serving bias. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) self-serving bias.

Question 8

Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) free association.
C) self-serving bias.
D) secure self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

The concept of accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others is closely linked to the idea of secure self-esteem. Secure self-esteem refers to a realistic and positive sense of self-worth that is not overly dependent on external validation or approval. Instead, individuals with secure self-esteem are able to validate and accept themselves based on their own internal standards and values. Choice D is therefore the best answer. Reciprocal determinism refers to the dynamic interaction between behavior, cognition, and environment, and is not directly related to self-esteem. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique used to explore unconscious thoughts and emotions. Self-serving bias involves a tendency to view oneself in a favorable light and attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. While self-serving bias may be related to self-esteem, it is not directly related to the concept of secure self-esteem discussed in this question.

Question 9

Unrealistic optimism about future events in one's life best illustrates
A) self-serving bias.
B) unconditional positive regard
C) a fixation.
D) the spotlight effect.

Accepted Answer

Unrealistic optimism is a form of self-serving bias, where individuals tend to overestimate the likelihood of positive events happening to them while underestimating the likelihood of negative events happening. This bias helps to boost one's self-esteem and maintain a positive outlook on life.

Question 10

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with high self-esteem?
A) the spotlight effect
B) self-serving bias
C) free association
D) reciprocal determinism

Accepted Answer

Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors. This bias is often associated with high self-esteem because individuals with high self-esteem tend to have a positive self-image and view themselves in a favorable light.

Question 11

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) narcissism.
C) free association.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because they express high levels of narcissism. This refers to an obsession with oneself and a lack of empathy for others, which is a common trait among the younger generation.

Question 12

Julie's positive feelings about herself are very consistent and do not depend on her frequent athletic and academic successes or on her level of popularity among friends and classmates.Julie best illustrates
A) narcissism.
B) low self-efficacy.
C) excessive optimism.
D) secure self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Julie's consistent positive feelings about herself demonstrate secure self-esteem, which is characterized by a stable and positive self-image that is not easily shaken by external factors such as success or popularity. Narcissism is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and a constant need for admiration, which does not fit the description of Julie's behavior. Low self-efficacy would involve a lack of confidence in one's own abilities, which is not present in Julie's case, given her academic and athletic successes. Excessive optimism, while related to positive self-esteem, does not fully capture the stability and consistency of Julie's positive self-image.

Question 13

A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate self-serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized.
A) unlikely;likely
B) likely;unlikely
C) unlikely;unlikely
D) likely;likely

Accepted Answer

Defensive self-esteem is characterized by a need to protect oneself from negative feedback or criticism, leading individuals to demonstrate self-serving bias (such as taking credit for success and blaming external factors for failure) and to react angrily when criticized. Therefore, the person is likely to demonstrate self-serving bias and likely to feel angry when criticized.

Question 14

Compared with Westernized people,people in Asia are more likely to value
A) defensive self-esteem.
B) self-serving bias.
C) optimism.
D) modesty.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that Asian cultures, such as China and Japan, tend to value modesty more than Western cultures. This is often reflected in their communication styles, where they may use more indirect language and avoid self-promotion. Defensive self-esteem and self-serving bias are not necessarily more valued in Asia than in the West, while optimism is a value that can be shared across cultures.

Question 15

Jacinda failed her last history midterm.Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?
A) "I really didn't prepare well enough for that test."
B) "I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should have during the test."
C) "I lack ability in history."
D) "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."

Accepted Answer

Self-serving bias is a common type of cognitive bias that involves attributing successes to internal or personal factors while attributing failures to external factors. In this case, Jacinda attributing her failure to the test questions being "ambiguous and confusing" is an example of self-serving bias, as it externalizes the blame rather than acknowledging personal shortcomings or efforts.

Question 16

The "ignorance of our own incompetence" phenomenon is now referred to as
A) self-serving bias.
B) the Dunning-Kruger effect.
C) learned helplessness.
D) Bandura's social-cognitive theory.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon mentioned in the question, where people are unable to recognize their own incompetence, is commonly known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. This effect explains how people with low ability at a task tend to overestimate their ability due to a lack of knowledge or competence about the task.

Question 17

Research on self-perception indicates that most people
A) feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes.
B) view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.
C) underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments.
D) are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future.

Accepted Answer

Research on self-perception, also known as self-enhancement bias, has consistently shown that most people view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others. This bias is often referred to as the "above average effect."

Question 18

People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.
A) distant;current
B) current;distant
C) possible;impossible
D) impossible;possible

Accepted Answer

The answer of People are more critical of their ________...

Question 19

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her.Kelly most clearly demonstrates
A) the spotlight effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) defensive self-esteem.
D) free association.

Accepted Answer

Kelly's behavior demonstrates defensive self-esteem, which is characterized by an excessive focus on maintaining a positive self-image and becoming defensive when that self-image is threatened or criticized.

Question 20

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed,people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale.This best illustrates the pervasiveness of
A) extraversion.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

The fact that people across 53 different countries expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the self-esteem scale suggests a self-serving bias. This bias refers to the tendency for people to view themselves in a positive light and to take credit for their successes while attributing failures to external factors. Therefore, choice C, self-serving bias, is the best option. Choices A, B, and D do not accurately reflect the findings discussed in the question.

Quiz 47: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

While Rolf claims that he provides more than half of his daughter's care,his wife feels that he provides very little care.Rolf's mistaken belief best illustrates

An inflated sense of self-esteem and self-love is characteristic of people who exhibit

Ignorance of what we don't know sustains our

Narcissism is associated with

Alexis brags excessively about her good looks and frequently deceives others in order to establish romantic relationships with them.Her behavior most clearly illustrates

Researchers have found that personal insults are especially likely to trigger a response of aggression from those who experience

The better-than-average effect best illustrates

Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates

Unrealistic optimism about future events in one's life best illustrates

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with high self-esteem?

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of

Julie's positive feelings about herself are very consistent and do not depend on her frequent athletic and academic successes or on her level of popularity among friends and classmates.Julie best illustrates

A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is to demonstrate self-serving bias and is to feel angry when criticized.

Compared with Westernized people,people in Asia are more likely to value

Jacinda failed her last history midterm.Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?

The "ignorance of our own incompetence" phenomenon is now referred to as

Research on self-perception indicates that most people

People are more critical of their selves than of their selves.

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her.Kelly most clearly demonstrates

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed,people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale.This best illustrates the pervasiveness of