Question 1

Omar,who is extraverted,hates being alone,enjoys loud music,and dislikes reading quietly.According to trait theorists,this cluster of behaviors is called a

Accepted Answer

Trait theorists use the term "factor" to describe a cluster of related behaviors or characteristics that define a trait. In this case, Omar's behaviors of hating being alone, enjoying loud music, and disliking quiet reading are all related and suggest an extraverted personality trait.

Question 2

A behavior trait refers to a pattern of behavior that is

Accepted Answer

A behavior trait is a consistent and stable pattern of behavior over time. It may be consciously or unconsciously motivated, but it is observable and learned through experience. Difficult to observe or unlearned would not necessarily apply to all behavior traits.

Question 3

Which theorists have been criticized for underestimating the human capacity for evil?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theorists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, have been criticized for underestimating the human capacity for evil. Their focus on self-actualization and the inherent goodness of people has led to critiques that they overlook the darker aspects of human nature.

Question 4

Dr.Smith is a humanistic psychologist who believes that standardized assessments of personality are depersonalizing.She is most likely to use which of the following to understand the person's unique experiences.

Accepted Answer

As a humanistic psychologist, Dr. Smith would focus on understanding the individual's personal experiences and unique perspective, rather than using standardized assessments. Hence, both interviews and intimate conversations would be appropriate methods for her to gain insight into the individual's personal experiences and perspectives.

Question 5

Uma is completing a questionnaire about what she would like to be and what she currently is.As she completes the items,she realizes that she has already completed most of the main goals she set for herself.Carl Rogers would say that the ratings of her ideal and actual self are ________ and that she has a ________ self-concept.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers' theory of self-concept, a person's ideal self represents their aspirations or goals, while their actual self represents their current self-image. If Uma has already completed most of her main goals, then her ratings of her ideal and actual self are likely to be successively close. Additionally, since she has achieved her goals, her self-concept is likely to be positive.

Question 6

Amanda is consistently optimistic,talkative,and impulsive.Each of these characteristics most clearly represents

Accepted Answer

These characteristics (optimism, talkativeness, impulsivity) are enduring and consistent, which suggests that they reflect Amanda's underlying personality traits. Therefore, they can be classified as traits.

Question 7

Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theorists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasized the importance of a positive self-concept in achieving personal growth and fulfillment. They believed that individuals have an innate drive towards self-actualization, which can only be achieved when basic needs are met and when people have a positive self-concept. This belief has influenced the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success.

Question 8

To assess personal growth during therapy,Carl Rogers looked for

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers looked for successively closer ratings of the actual and ideal selves to assess personal growth during therapy. This means that as therapy progresses, the person's perceived actual self (how they see themselves currently) and ideal self (how they want to be) should become increasingly similar. This indicates that the person is making progress towards becoming their ideal self and achieving personal growth. Option A is incorrect because Rogers did not just look for higher ratings of the ideal self, but for the actual and ideal selves to become more aligned. Option B is also incorrect because Rogers did not just look for higher ratings of the actual self, but for the actual and ideal selves to become more aligned. Option C is partially correct, but only if the different ratings become closer over time.

Question 9

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits,trait theorists have used

Accepted Answer

Trait theorists have used factor analysis to identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits. Factor analysis allows researchers to identify which traits tend to correlate with each other, leading to the identification of underlying factors or dimensions of personality. Projective tests and written communications may provide information on personality, but they are not used to identify basic traits. The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is a personality test that assesses a wide range of personality traits, but it is not typically used to identify the most basic traits.

Question 10

________ laid the groundwork for positive psychology.

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology, particularly the works of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasized the potential for growth and self-actualization in individuals, which laid the groundwork for the focus on positive psychology.

Question 11

Sigmund Freud explained personality in terms of unconscious motivations,whereas ________ described personality in terms of enduring traits.

Accepted Answer

Gordon Allport described personality in terms of enduring traits.

Question 12

Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theorists, such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, have been criticized for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence by promoting the idea that individuals should prioritize their own personal growth and fulfillment above all else. This critique suggests that the humanistic approach places too much emphasis on individualism and self-centeredness, neglecting the importance of social responsibility and consideration for others.

Question 13

Humanistic psychology has influenced all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The answer of Humanistic psychology has influenced all of the...

Question 14

Rogers' and Maslow's emphasis on developing human strengths laid the groundwork for today's

Accepted Answer

Rogers and Maslow were both pioneers of humanistic psychology, which emphasized the importance of positive human qualities and personal growth. This approach laid the foundation for the field of positive psychology, which focuses on promoting human strengths and well-being.

Question 15

Some modern personality researchers believe our identity may be helpfully revealed using ________,which involves collecting a rich narrative detailing our unique life history.

Accepted Answer

The life story approach involves collecting a rich narrative detailing our unique life history. This approach is used by modern personality researchers to better understand our identity. Option A (psychoanalysis) focuses on the unconscious mind, option B (schemas) refers to cognitive structures, and option D (the Thematic Apperception Test) is a projective technique used to understand our underlying motives and desires.

Question 16

Which instrument has been used for counseling and work-team development to help identify individuals' personality types?

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a widely used instrument for counseling and work-team development that helps identify individuals' personality types. It assesses four dimensions of personality: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. It is frequently used in career counseling, team building, and leadership development. The other instruments listed may also be used in counseling and assessment, but they do not specifically focus on identifying personality types.

Question 17

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in complimentary terms?

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is known for characterizing personality in a positive and complimentary manner by assigning individuals to one of 16 personality types based on their preferences for different ways of perceiving and making decisions. The other tests listed may focus on aspects of personality that are viewed as negative or pathological, such as the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire's assessment of neuroticism and psychoticism, or the MMPI's emphasis on detecting abnormal or deviant personality traits. The Big Five Questionnaire tends to describe personality in neutral or descriptive terms rather than making explicit value judgments.

Question 18

According to trait theorists,factors

Accepted Answer

Trait theorists define factors as clusters of behavior tendencies that commonly occur together. This suggests that personality traits are relatively stable over time and consistent across different situations. Factors are not heavily influenced by the environment or childhood experiences, as they are believed to be innate elements of an individual's personality. Additionally, trait theorists view factors as stable dimensions of personality, further emphasizing their consistency and longevity.

Question 19

An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

Trait theories focus on identifying and categorizing the different traits or characteristics that individuals possess, which can vary from person to person. This involves describing and classifying the ways in which people differ from one another, which is the interest described in the question. The other theories mentioned (social-cognitive, humanistic, and psychodynamic) do not necessarily prioritize this aspect.

Question 20

In assessing a client's personal growth,Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that personal growth was achieved when the ideal self (what a person wants to be) and actual self (how a person views themselves) were congruent, or in alignment. Therefore, measuring the correspondence between these two is the best choice.

Quiz 46: Contemporary Research on Personality