Question 1

Worn-out red cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as the
A) B lymphocyte.
B) macrophage.
C) telomere.
D) carcinogen.

Accepted Answer

Macrophages are immune system cells that are responsible for ingesting and destroying worn-out red blood cells and harmful bacteria through a process known as phagocytosis. B lymphocytes are also involved in the immune response, but are responsible for producing antibodies rather than directly ingesting cells or bacteria. Telomeres are protective structures at the ends of chromosomes and carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer.

Question 2

Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________.
A) B lymphocytes;T lymphocytes
B) Type B personalities;Type A personalities
C) T lymphocytes;B lymphocytes
D) Type A personalities;Type B personalities

Accepted Answer

The immune response to viral infections involves the activation of T lymphocytes, while the response to bacterial infections involves the activation of B lymphocytes. Therefore, option C is the correct analogy. Options A and D are not correct as they do not represent a proper analogy. Option B is irrelevant to immune response and is therefore also incorrect.

Question 3

The tend-and-befriend stress response may be more frequent among women than men because in distressed relationships women have higher levels of
A) serotonin.
B) lymphocytes.
C) oxytocin.
D) NK cells.

Accepted Answer

The tend-and-befriend stress response is characterized by seeking social support and nurturing behaviors. Oxytocin, often called the “love hormone”, is associated with these behaviors and is released in response to stress. Women have been found to have higher levels of oxytocin than men, which may explain why the tend-and-befriend response is more frequent among women than men. Serotonin, lymphocytes, and NK cells are not specifically associated with the tend-and-befriend response.

Question 4

T lymphocytes attack
A) natural killer cells.
B) bacterial infections.
C) stress hormones.
D) cancer cells.

Accepted Answer

T lymphocytes (also known as T cells) are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the body's immune response. One of their main functions is to identify and attack abnormal or infected cells, such as cancer cells, to prevent them from spreading throughout the body. Therefore, the best answer choice is D, cancer cells.

Question 5

Women who suffered enduring stress as caregivers of children with serious disorders were observed to experience a shortening of telomeres indicative of
A) breast cancer.
B) heart disease.
C) a rapid aging process.
D) an increased production of NK cells.

Accepted Answer

Telomeres are the protective caps at the end of chromosomes that shorten as a person ages. Enduring stress as a caregiver of children with serious disorders can cause a rapid shortening of telomeres, indicating a more rapid aging process. This can lead to problems like premature aging-associated diseases but not specifically breast cancer or heart disease. There is no evidence to suggest that such stress leads to an increased production of NK cells.

Question 6

Oxytocin is a stress-moderating hormone released by
A) lymphocytes.
B) a Type A personality.
C) a fight-or-flight response.
D) breast feeding.

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin is primarily released during breast feeding and is involved in maternal bonding and stress reduction.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT caused by on overactive immune system?
A) allergies
B) arthritis
C) lupus
D) bacterial infection

Accepted Answer

Bacterial infection is not caused by an overactive immune system. In fact, a properly functioning immune system is necessary to fight off bacterial infections. Allergies, arthritis, and lupus are all conditions that involve the immune system overreacting or attacking the body's own tissues.

Question 8

The study of how psychological,neural,and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called
A) evolutionary psychology.
B) health psychology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) psychoneuroimmunology.

Accepted Answer

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called psychoneuroimmunology. This field of study examines the relationships between mental states, nervous system, immune system, and physical health outcomes. The other options listed (evolutionary psychology, health psychology, cognitive psychology) do not directly relate to this specific study of psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 9

Eileen notices that her herpes infection is especially likely to flare up during the stressful occasions when she needs to work overtime hours in order to meet pressing deadlines.This is most likely to be caused by her body's
A) reduced levels of serotonin.
B) increased levels of NK cells.
C) reduced levels of lymphocytes.
D) increased levels of oxytocin.

Accepted Answer

Stress is known to suppress the immune system, and specifically reduce the number of lymphocytes, which are important cells in our immune response. This makes it more difficult for the body to fight off infections, including those caused by herpes. Reduced levels of serotonin (A) have also been linked to increased stress, but are not directly tied to immune function. Increased levels of NK cells (B) and oxytocin (D) have not been shown to have a clear relationship with herpes outbreaks.

Question 10

In a healthy,functioning immune system,________ attack cancer cells.
A) neurotransmitters
B) stress hormones
C) adrenal glands
D) NK cells

Accepted Answer

NK cells, also known as natural killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that plays a critical role in the immune system's ability to defend the body against cancerous cells. They are called "natural killers" because of their ability to recognize and destroy cancerous cells without the need for prior antigen exposure or activation. Meanwhile, neurotransmitters, stress hormones, and adrenal glands are not directly involved in attacking cancer cells in a healthy immune system.

Question 11

One option for dealing with stress,which is more common among women than men,is
A) withdrawal.
B) the fight-or-flight reaction.
C) the tend-and-befriend response.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.

Accepted Answer

The tend-and-befriend response is more common among women than men, and it involves seeking social support and nurturing behaviors as a way to cope with stress. This response is thought to have evolved in women as a way to protect offspring and ensure survival of the group during times of stress. Withdrawal and the fight-or-flight response are not specific to gender, and the general adaptation syndrome is a non-specific response to stress that occurs in all individuals.

Question 12

The white blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses are called
A) lymphocytes.
B) telomeres.
C) carcinogens.
D) glucocorticoids.

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system, including fighting bacterial infections and attacking cancer cells and viruses. Telomeres are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer, and glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that can have many effects on the body.

Question 13

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress?
A) resistance
B) appraisal
C) adjustment
D) resolution

Accepted Answer

During the resistance phase, the body is able to physically cope with stress by adapting to the ongoing stressor and maintaining a state of readiness. This phase involves continued mobilization of the body's resources, including the release of stress hormones like cortisol, to address the stressor. It is during this phase that the body is best equipped to handle the stressor and maintain stability.

Question 14

As a psychologist employed by a medical school,Dr.McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress.Dr.McNerney is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.
A) educational
B) behavioral
C) forensic
D) health

Accepted Answer

Dr. McNerney's specialty in researching causes of stress and coping techniques in a medical school setting suggests a focus on health psychology. Health psychologists study the intersection of psychological and physical health and are often employed in medical settings.

Question 15

Jane coped with the stress of breast cancer by giving and receiving support from other women who were also struggling with this disease.Her reaction best illustrates
A) resistance.
B) the tend-and-befriend response.
C) empathy.
D) a Type A personality.

Accepted Answer

Jane's coping mechanism of seeking support from other women who were also struggling with breast cancer is an example of the tend-and-befriend response. This response involves seeking social support and nurturing connections with others, which can help to buffer the effects of stress on the body.

Question 16

To study how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness,psychologists and physicians created the interdisciplinary field of
A) cognitive neuroscience.
B) behavioral medicine.
C) holistic medicine.
D) health psychology.

Accepted Answer

The field that focuses on how stress and health behaviors influence health and illness is behavioral medicine. This interdisciplinary field involves both psychologists and physicians.

Question 17

After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen,Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses.At this point,Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
A) resistance
B) exhaustion
C) adjustment
D) stress appraisal

Accepted Answer

Marlys is in the "resistance" stage of the general adaptation syndrome, where she is actively coping with the stressor (her car being stolen) by taking action, such as calling the police and questioning witnesses. This stage follows the initial "alarm" stage, where the shock of the stressor is first encountered, and precedes the "exhaustion" stage, where prolonged stress may deplete the body's resources.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of a poorly functioning immune system?
A) It is overreacting.
B) It is underreacting.
C) It is either overreacting or underreacting.
D) It is neither overreacting nor underreacting.

Accepted Answer

A poorly functioning immune system can manifest as either overreacting, such as in the case of allergies or autoimmune diseases, or underreacting, as seen in immunodeficiency disorders.

Question 19

A successful stress-reduction program is most likely to quicken June's recovery from viral pneumonia by ________ her body's levels of ________.
A) decreasing;B lymphocytes
B) increasing;T lymphocytes
C) decreasing;T lymphocytes
D) increasing;B lymphocytes

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that stress reduction techniques such as relaxation, mindfulness, and social support can increase the body's levels of T lymphocytes, which are important for fighting viral infections like pneumonia. Therefore, increasing T lymphocytes through stress reduction is likely to quicken June's recovery. Decreasing B lymphocytes, on the other hand, would be counterproductive as they are important for fighting bacterial infections.

Question 20

In response to a stressful work deadline,Jonas' heart rate increased and blood was diverted from his digestive organs to his skeletal muscles.These physical reactions best characterize the ________ phase of the ________.
A) first;tend-and-befriend response
B) first;general adaptation syndrome
C) third;tend-and-befriend response
D) third;general adaptation syndrome

Accepted Answer

The first option (A) is incorrect because the tend-and-befriend response refers to a different stress response pattern that is typically observed more in women than in men. The third option (C) is incorrect because the tend-and-befriend response typically does not involve physical reactions like changes in heart rate and blood flow. The third option (D) is incorrect because the general adaptation syndrome involves three stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion), and the physical reactions described in the question (e.g., increased heart rate, decreased digestion) are characteristic of the first stage, the alarm stage. Therefore, the best answer is option B, which correctly identifies the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome as the phase in which these physical reactions occur.

Quiz 39: Experienced Emotion

Worn-out red cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as the

Viral infections are to as bacterial infections are to .

The tend-and-befriend stress response may be more frequent among women than men because in distressed relationships women have higher levels of

T lymphocytes attack

Women who suffered enduring stress as caregivers of children with serious disorders were observed to experience a shortening of telomeres indicative of

Oxytocin is a stress-moderating hormone released by

Which of the following is NOT caused by on overactive immune system?

The study of how psychological,neural,and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

Eileen notices that her herpes infection is especially likely to flare up during the stressful occasions when she needs to work overtime hours in order to meet pressing deadlines.This is most likely to be caused by her body's

In a healthy,functioning immune system,________ attack cancer cells.

One option for dealing with stress,which is more common among women than men,is

The white blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses are called

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress?

As a psychologist employed by a medical school,Dr.McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress.Dr.McNerney is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

Jane coped with the stress of breast cancer by giving and receiving support from other women who were also struggling with this disease.Her reaction best illustrates

To study how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness,psychologists and physicians created the interdisciplinary field of

After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen,Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses.At this point,Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

Which of the following is true of a poorly functioning immune system?

A successful stress-reduction program is most likely to quicken June's recovery from viral pneumonia by her body's levels of .

In response to a stressful work deadline,Jonas' heart rate increased and blood was diverted from his digestive organs to his skeletal muscles.These physical reactions best characterize the phase of the .