Question 1

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety;Shelly is usually quiet and easygoing.The two children most clearly differ in

Accepted Answer

The description of Pat and Shelly's personalities suggests that they differ in temperament, which refers to individual differences in emotional and behavioral tendencies. Maturation (A) is about physical and neurological development, egocentrism (B) is about the inability to understand perspectives other than one's own, and object permanence (D) is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Question 2

When placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers,the Harlows' infant monkeys demonstrated signs of

Accepted Answer

The Harlows' infant monkeys demonstrated signs of insecure attachment when they were placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers. They clung to cloth mother figures even when those figures did not provide food or warmth, demonstrating their need for attachment and security.

Question 3

Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting.This is most indicative of

Accepted Answer

Insecure attachment refers to a pattern of attachment in which a child does not feel secure in their relationship with their caregiver, and may perceive them as cold, rejecting, or unavailable. This is consistent with Anna's perception of her parents. Conservation, egocentrism, and infantile amnesia do not necessarily relate to Anna's perception of her parents.

Question 4

Half the mothers of temperamentally difficult infants received personal training in sensitive responding.The other half did not.Those who received this training were more likely than the others to have their 12-month-old babies rated as

Accepted Answer

Personal training in sensitive responding is likely to improve the mother's ability to read the infant's cues and respond appropriately. This, in turn, is likely to result in a stronger attachment between the mother and the infant, leading to a higher likelihood of the infant being rated as securely attached at 12 months old.

Question 5

When considering the development of secure attachments,nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for a comparison of two factors involved in the development of secure attachments. "Nature" refers to an individual's inherent temperament, while "nurture" refers to the environment and parenting they experience. Therefore, choice D - temperament (nature) and responsive parenting (nurture) - is the best answer. The other choices are not directly related to the development of secure attachments.

Question 6

Marlys is a sensitive,responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara,her infant daughter.According to Erikson,Sara is likely to

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage of infancy (birth to 18 months) is characterized by the development of basic trust versus mistrust. If an infant's needs are consistently met by a responsive and sensitive caregiver, the infant will develop a sense of trust in the world and others. Therefore, Sara is likely to form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world if her needs are consistently satisfied by her sensitive and responsive parent Marlys.

Question 7

A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage

Accepted Answer

A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is likely to create insecurity and anxiety in the infant, leading to insecure attachment. This is because the baby is unable to rely on the caregiver for comfort and support, which negatively impacts the development of a secure and trusting relationship.

Question 8

Evidence that easy,relaxed infants develop secure attachments more readily than difficult,emotionally intense babies would illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the factor that affects the development of secure attachment in infants. Research has consistently shown that infants with an easy, relaxed temperament are more likely to develop secure attachments with their caregivers compared to infants who are difficult, emotionally intense, or have other challenging temperaments. This is because caregivers may find it easier to respond and provide nurturing to infants who are more predictable and less fussy, leading to a more consistent and responsive caregiving style that promotes secure attachment. Therefore, temperament is the most relevant factor in this scenario, making option B the correct answer. The other options (egocentrism, conservation, and object permanence) are not related to attachment or temperament.

Question 9

Infants in a strange situation who appear not to notice or care about their mother's departure or return show signs of

Accepted Answer

Infants who appear not to notice or care about their mother's departure or return show signs of avoidant attachment. This type of attachment is characterized by a lack of distress when separated from their caregiver and a lack of preference for the caregiver over a stranger. It is often associated with caregivers who are consistently unresponsive or neglectful.

Question 10

Children's anxiety over separation from parents peaks at around ________ months and then gradually declines.

Accepted Answer

According to research, separation anxiety in children typically peaks at around 13 months and then gradually declines. This is attributed to the development of object permanence and a better understanding of their parents' return.

Question 11

Some mothers feed their infants when they show signs of hunger,whereas others fail to respond predictably to their infants' demands for food.These different maternal feeding practices are most likely to contribute to differences in infant

Accepted Answer

Maternal feeding practices play a crucial role in the development of infant attachment. Mothers who respond predictably to their infants' demands for food can create a sense of trust and security in their infants, leading to secure attachment. In contrast, mothers who fail to respond predictably may contribute to insecure attachment in their infants. There is no evidence to suggest that maternal feeding practices contribute significantly to differences in accommodation, conservation, or egocentrism.

Question 12

Many researchers believe that ________ form the foundation of our adult relationships and our comfort with affection and intimacy.

Accepted Answer

Our early attachments, particularly with our primary caregivers, shape our expectations and behaviors in adult relationships, including our ability to form close relationships and our comfort with intimacy and affection. Research in attachment theory suggests that these early relationships serve as a foundation for our future social and emotional development.

Question 13

At 15 months of age,Justin already strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him.According to Erikson,this most clearly contributes to

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, trust vs. mistrust is the first stage that occurs in the first year of life. It is during this stage that infants develop a sense of basic trust or mistrust based on how consistent and predictable their caregivers are in meeting their needs. Justin's sense of relying on his father for comfort and protection indicates that he is developing a sense of basic trust.

Question 14

Difficult babies with an intense temperament tend to be

Accepted Answer

Difficult babies with an intense temperament tend to be irritable and unpredictable, often displaying negative emotions such as crying, fussiness, and irritability. They are not necessarily associated with positive traits such as intelligence, imagination, fearlessness, assertiveness, extraversion, or cheerfulness.

Question 15

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity is called their

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Social identity refers to a person's sense of belonging to a particular group or category, maturation level refers to a person's stage of growth and development, and schema refers to a mental framework or structure used to organize and interpret information.

Question 16

Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers?

Accepted Answer

Responsive parenting, which involves consistent and sensitive caregiving, is the most important factor in the development of secure attachment between infants and their mothers. Egocentrism, stranger anxiety, and authoritarian discipline may affect the attachment relationship in different ways, but are not as strong of predictors as responsive parenting.

Question 17

In a British study following more than 7000 people from birth to adulthood,those individuals whose fathers were most involved in parenting tended to demonstrate greater

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that children whose fathers are more involved in parenting tend to have higher academic achievement. Therefore, option D is the best choice. A is incorrect as egocentrism is not a result of father's involvement in parenting. B is also incorrect as stranger anxiety refers to fear towards unfamiliar people and it is not related to father's involvement in parenting. C is incorrect as object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, and it is related to cognitive development rather than father's involvement in parenting.

Question 18

The labels "easy" and "difficult" are used to refer to differences among infants in

Accepted Answer

The labels "easy" and "difficult" are used to refer to differences in infants' temperament, specifically their general patterns of mood, activity level, and adaptability to new situations. Maturation, cognition, and attachment may also vary among infants, but these labels specifically refer to temperament differences.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have shown that children who are raised by both parents tend to have better life outcomes, including better academic performance, lower rates of drug and alcohol abuse, and higher levels of emotional well-being. This is not to say that single parents cannot raise happy, successful children, but rather that having two parents involved in a child's life can be beneficial. Options A, C, and D are not supported by research.

Question 20

Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of

Accepted Answer

A child's sense of secure attachment to their parents is developed through consistent and reliable interactions, leading to a feeling of trust and dependability in their caregivers. Maturation refers to natural physical and mental growth, accommodation refers to the process of modifying existing cognitive structures to incorporate new information, and object permanence refers to an understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. While these developmental milestones are important, they are not as directly related to a child's perception of their parents' trustworthiness and dependability.

Quiz 14: Hearing