Question 1

In a study that is described in the textbook,college students were asked to either perform or imagine performing actions.On a future memory test,what did the researchers find?
A)The students sometimes believed that they had performed actions that they had only imagined.
B)The students remembered performing only bizarre actions.
C)The students remembered performing only ordinary actions.
D)The students tended to believe that they had imagined actions they had actually performed.

Accepted Answer

The researchers found that the students sometimes believed that they had performed actions that they had only imagined. This is known as the "false memory" effect, where our brain can create memories of events that never actually occurred.

Question 2

What has metamemory research shown about an individual's "feelings-of-knowing"?
A)They are not related to familiarity with the retrieval cue.
B)They can be fairly accurate.
C)They are no more accurate than would be expected by chance.
D)They are an example of intuition,a relatively unreliable sensation.

Accepted Answer

Metamemory research has shown that an individual's "feelings-of-knowing" can be fairly accurate. These feelings refer to an individual's confidence in their ability to retrieve information, and although they may not always correspond perfectly with actual memory performance, they are generally a reliable indicator of memory strength.

Question 3

Two-year-old Susie has just discovered that the soft,furry,four-legged creatures that she loves so much are "cats." Which term characterizes her mental representation of this category?
A)prototype.
B)concept.
C)schema.
D)stereotype.

Accepted Answer

A concept refers to a mental representation of a category in which an individual groups objects, people or events based on common characteristics. In this case, Susie has formed a mental representation that cats are furry, four-legged creatures that she loves.

Question 4

In trying to explain rugby to a friend,David finds himself using terminology from Canadian football,with which he is most familiar.What did Bartlett call this reconstructive process?
A)assimilating
B)leveling
C)sharpening
D)accommodating

Accepted Answer

Bartlett referred to the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas as "assimilating." David is using his existing knowledge of Canadian football to understand and explain rugby.

Question 5

A child thinks of a restaurant as a place where you go when you are hungry,where you order your food at a counter,and where mommy pays for it before you get it.Which term best characterizes this child's mental representation of a restaurant?
A)schema.
B)engram.
C)prototype.
D)memory hierarchy.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. This child's mental representation of a restaurant fits the definition of a schema, as they have a preconceived notion of what to expect at a restaurant, including the process of ordering and paying for food.

Question 6

Concepts may be combined into larger units or "knowledge packages" that encode complex generalizations about experiences.Which term refers to these conceptual frameworks?
A)engrams.
B)basic level concepts.
C)schemas.
D)prototypes.

Accepted Answer

Schemas refer to conceptual frameworks or knowledge packages that encode complex generalizations about experiences. Engrams refer to physical changes in the brain as a result of learning, basic level concepts are primary categories that are easily recognized and communicated, and prototypes refer to a typical or ideal example of a concept.

Question 7

In his impressive studies of memory,what did Sir Frederic Bartlett discover about participants who were asked to remember stories?
A)They were amazingly accurate in their recollections of details.
B)They were likely to include distortions in their reproductions.
C)They were more accurate in their story telling when a researcher was present.
D)They were consistent in maintaining the cultural themes of the original stories.

Accepted Answer

Sir Frederic Bartlett's studies found that participants who were asked to remember stories often included distortions in their reproductions. This is because memory is not a perfect recording of events, but rather a reconstruction influenced by our own biases and expectations.

Question 8

A student is trying to commit to memory,for the first time,the various parts of the neuron.If she uses an elaborative rehearsal strategy to accomplish this task,what will she do?
A)write down the parts of the neuron repeatedly.
B)read aloud about the different parts of the neuron.
C)repeat the different parts of the neuron in her mind after reading about them.
D)imagine that the neuron is a person and that the body parts are similar to the neuron parts.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves associating new information with existing knowledge or creating mental images or connections to aid in recall. Imagining the neuron as a person and its parts as body parts is an example of creating mental images to aid in memorization. Choices A and B involve simple repetition, while choice C involves repetition in the mind without any additional associations or connections being formed.

Question 9

Hannah is asked to name the composer of the "Maple Leaf Rag." She has prior familiarity with the "Maple Leaf Rag" so she thinks that she will be able to recognize the correct alternative when given multiple choices.Which theory undelies Hannah's belief?
A)accessibility hypothesis.
B)linguistic relativity hypothesis.
C)cue familiarity hypothesis.
D)contextual distinctiveness hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The cue familiarity hypothesis suggests that recognition of information is influenced by the familiarity of the cues associated with that information. In this case, Hannah's familiarity with the "Maple Leaf Rag" serves as a cue for her to recognize the correct composer when presented with multiple choices.

Question 10

What do most mnemonic devices seem to have in common?
A)They use visual imagery.
B)They use kinesthetic imagery.
C)They provide efficient retrieval cues.
D)They operate unconsciously.

Accepted Answer

Most mnemonic devices are designed to provide efficient retrieval cues, helping individuals recall information more easily by creating associations or patterns.

Question 11

What is one way to counter the next-in-line effect?
A)breathe deeply and control the level of anxiety in order to better remember information.
B)tell oneself to be aware of the effect.
C)use elaborative rehearsal as a defense against the effect.
D)ask to be placed last in line.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves actively engaging with and deepening one's understanding of the material being learned or remembered. This can help to counter the next-in-line effect as it encourages the individual to focus on the information being presented rather than on their place in the sequence. It also helps to create stronger associations between the new information and existing knowledge, making it more memorable in the long-term.

Question 12

An actor is using the method of loci to help remember the lines for a play.What does this method emphasize?
A)sound associations.
B)rhymes.
C)stories.
D)familiar locations.

Accepted Answer

The method of loci emphasizes familiar locations, where the individual mentally places pieces of information within a familiar spatial layout to aid in recall. This technique is often used in memory competitions and is particularly useful for remembering lists or sequences.

Question 13

What term characterizes the average or most typical member of a conceptual category?
A)schema.
B)prototype.
C)exemplar.
D)engram.

Accepted Answer

The term that characterizes the average or most typical member of a conceptual category is called prototype. Prototypes are the best example or representation of a particular category or concept, based on our personal experiences and knowledge. It is a mental image that represents the category and frequently used to categorize new information.

Question 14

In trying to prepare for an exam,Chase forms visual images and makes stories that use concepts in creative ways.Which memory technique is being described?
A)encoding specificity.
B)metamemory.
C)chunking.
D)elaborative rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves creating meaningful associations between new information and existing knowledge, which is what Chase is doing by creating visual images and stories. Encoding specificity refers to the idea that the context in which information is learned can influence its retrieval. Metamemory refers to the awareness and control of one's own memory processes. Chunking involves grouping information into smaller, more manageable units. None of these techniques fully describe what Chase is doing.

Question 15

When trying to learn a list of items that will need to be remembered later,a person associates each item with one of a series of rhymes,such as "one is a bun," "two is a shoe","three is a tree" and so on.Which memory technique is being used?
A)the method of loci
B)the peg-word method
C)metamemory
D)feelings-of-knowing

Accepted Answer

This memory technique is known as the peg-word method, where each item is associated with a rhyme or a "peg" word to aid in recall.

Question 16

Which term is most likely to be classified as a basic level concept?
A)mammal
B)living creature
C)dog
D)Dalmatian

Accepted Answer

Basic level concepts are typically the most general and inclusive categories that people use to group things together, while still being specific enough to have some distinctive features. "Dog" is a more specific concept than "living creature," but still more general than "Dalmatian" or "mammal." It is therefore the most likely choice to be classified as a basic level concept.

Question 17

Roy is studying for a test on the Civil War.When asked if he feels as though he knows the important information related to the Battle of Gettysburg,ideas related to the battle immediately enter his consciousness,and he feels confident in his knowledge.Which hypothesis explains Roy's "feeling-of-knowing"?
A)availability
B)good-match
C)accessibility
D)similarity

Accepted Answer

The accessibility hypothesis suggests that people base their feelings-of-knowing on how easily information comes to mind. In this case, Roy's confidence in his knowledge about the Battle of Gettysburg is based on the fact that ideas related to the battle immediately enter his consciousness, which is consistent with the accessibility hypothesis. The availability hypothesis suggests that people base their feelings-of-knowing on the amount of information that comes to mind, regardless of its relevance to the question at hand. The good-match hypothesis suggests that people base their feelings-of-knowing on how well information matches the question at hand. The similarity hypothesis suggests that people base their feelings-of-knowing on how similar information is to other information that they know.

Question 18

Students at Northwestern University studied many of Ebbinghaus's original lists in an attempt to replicate his studies of memory.After many trials with many lists,what did the students discover?
A)an effect opposite to that found by Ebbinghaus.
B)no effect of interference,probably due to improved learning techniques.
C)proactive interference that was similar to that experienced by Ebbinghaus.
D)that actual words began to look like nonsense syllables.

Accepted Answer

The students discovered proactive interference similar to that experienced by Ebbinghaus, indicating that earlier learned information can interfere with the learning of new information.

Question 19

Certain strategies or devices encode a long series of facts,associating those facts with familiar and previously encoded information to enhance subsequent retieval.Which term refers to these memory strategies?
A)anagrams.
B)mnemonics.
C)engrams.
D)stereotypes.

Accepted Answer

Mnemonics refer to memory strategies that use various devices, associations, or methods to encode information and enhance subsequent retrieval. Mnemonics can include strategies such as creating acronyms or visual images to associate with information to aid in its recall. Other response options, such as anagrams, engrams, and stereotypes, do not accurately describe memory strategies.

Question 20

Imagine that Lil is fourth in line to give a short speech in class this morning.If the "next-in-line" effect is present,what can be predicted?
A)Lil will remember very little about the first speech.
B)Lil will remember very little about the speech that precedes her speech.
C)Lil will remember very little about the speeches that follow her speech.
D)Lil will have equal recollection of the three speeches given while in line that morning.

Accepted Answer

The "next-in-line" effect refers to the phenomenon where people have difficulty remembering information presented immediately before or after they are called on to speak. In this case, Lil is fourth in line, so the speech that immediately precedes hers is most likely to be affected by the next-in-line effect. Therefore, Lil will likely remember very little about the speech that precedes hers (option B).

Quiz 8: A: Memory

In a study that is described in the textbook,college students were asked to either perform or imagine performing actions.On a future memory test,what did the researchers find?

What has metamemory research shown about an individual's "feelings-of-knowing"?

Two-year-old Susie has just discovered that the soft,furry,four-legged creatures that she loves so much are "cats." Which term characterizes her mental representation of this category?

In trying to explain rugby to a friend,David finds himself using terminology from Canadian football,with which he is most familiar.What did Bartlett call this reconstructive process?

A child thinks of a restaurant as a place where you go when you are hungry,where you order your food at a counter,and where mommy pays for it before you get it.Which term best characterizes this child's mental representation of a restaurant?

Concepts may be combined into larger units or "knowledge packages" that encode complex generalizations about experiences.Which term refers to these conceptual frameworks?

In his impressive studies of memory,what did Sir Frederic Bartlett discover about participants who were asked to remember stories?

A student is trying to commit to memory,for the first time,the various parts of the neuron.If she uses an elaborative rehearsal strategy to accomplish this task,what will she do?

Hannah is asked to name the composer of the "Maple Leaf Rag." She has prior familiarity with the "Maple Leaf Rag" so she thinks that she will be able to recognize the correct alternative when given multiple choices.Which theory undelies Hannah's belief?

What do most mnemonic devices seem to have in common?

What is one way to counter the next-in-line effect?

An actor is using the method of loci to help remember the lines for a play.What does this method emphasize?

What term characterizes the average or most typical member of a conceptual category?

In trying to prepare for an exam,Chase forms visual images and makes stories that use concepts in creative ways.Which memory technique is being described?

When trying to learn a list of items that will need to be remembered later,a person associates each item with one of a series of rhymes,such as "one is a bun," "two is a shoe","three is a tree" and so on.Which memory technique is being used?

Which term is most likely to be classified as a basic level concept?

Students at Northwestern University studied many of Ebbinghaus's original lists in an attempt to replicate his studies of memory.After many trials with many lists,what did the students discover?

Certain strategies or devices encode a long series of facts,associating those facts with familiar and previously encoded information to enhance subsequent retieval.Which term refers to these memory strategies?

Imagine that Lil is fourth in line to give a short speech in class this morning.If the "next-in-line" effect is present,what can be predicted?