Question 1

Classical conditioning was discovered by:
A)Pavlov.
B)Watson.
C)Thorndike.
D)Skinner.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was first discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the late 19th century.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of learning?
A)The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
B)A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
C)Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
D)A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience. Option D is an example of learning as the student has learned from experience not to swat at the wasp because it could trigger the wasp to sting. The other options do not demonstrate a change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.

Question 3

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov.

Question 4

We associate the name of __________ most closely with classical conditioning.
A)B)F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most well-known for his work on classical conditioning, which involves learning through associations between stimuli and responses. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs demonstrated the conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus (the sound of a bell) after it was repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus (food).

Question 5

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:
A)increased heartbeat.
B)piece of music.
C)sound of the buzzer.
D)listening to the music.

Accepted Answer

The UNCONDITIONED response is the natural, automatic response that occurs without any conditioning. In this situation, the subject's natural, automatic response of an increased heartbeat when hearing the certain piece of music is the UNCONDITIONED response. The buzzer is a neutral stimulus that is paired with the music until it eventually elicits the conditioned response of an increased heartbeat. Therefore, the correct answer is A) increased heartbeat.

Question 6

Some of the simplest and most basic learning,which involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviours in the presence of well-defined stimuli,is:
A)motivation.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)integration.
D)conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is the process of learning which involves the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in response to certain stimuli. This is often achieved through classical or operant conditioning, where a behavior is learned through the association of a stimulus with a particular response. Motivation, cognitive dissonance, and integration are more complex forms of learning that involve changes in attitudes, beliefs, or values.

Question 7

Learning is a process by which experience results in:
A)acquisition of motivation.
B)relatively permanent behaviour change.
C)delayed genetic behavioural contributions.
D)amplification of sensory stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Learning is a process that involves acquiring new knowledge or skills through experience. The result of learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior, which is why option B is the best choice. Option A is incorrect because while motivation may be a result of learning in some cases, it is not a defining characteristic of the process. Option C is incorrect because genetic contributions do not result from learning. Option D is incorrect because amplification of sensory stimuli is not a direct result of learning, although it may be an indirect result in some cases.

Question 8

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noon.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:
A)the act of eating breakfast.
B)the act of eating lunch.
C)the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)the watching of the hands of the clock.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the act of eating lunch when the individual sees both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noon. The other options are not the conditioned response, as eating breakfast is not related to the lunch eating behavior, counting the number of hours since breakfast is not a specific behavior, and watching the hands of the clock is simply a cue for the conditioned response (eating lunch).

Question 9

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?
A)Learning can be directly observed and measured.
B)Learning cannot be directly observed or measured,so performance is observed and learning is inferred based on what the person is able to do.
C)The results of learning must immediately change behaviour.
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Learning is an internal process that cannot be directly observed or measured. Instead, performance is observed and used as evidence of learning. Therefore, option A is incorrect because learning cannot be directly observed and measured. Option C is also incorrect because learning may result in changes in behaviour but may not necessarily result in immediate changes. Option D is incorrect because the best answer is B.

Question 10

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the:
A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the stimulus that naturally produces a response without any prior learning, and in this case, the presentation of meat naturally produces salivation in dogs. Therefore, the presentation of meat is the unconditioned stimulus (choice A).

Question 11

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The ringing of the bell was initially a neutral stimulus, but through conditioning it became a conditioned stimulus, which led to the conditioned response of salivation. The unconditioned stimulus was the presentation of meat and the unconditioned response was the natural salivation that occurred in response to the meat.

Question 12

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was __________.
A)Albert
B)the rat
C)the loud noise
D)the laboratory room

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus in the Little Albert experiment was the rat. The loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus and Albert's fear response to the rat after its pairing with the loud noise was the conditioned response.

Question 13

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.
A)cat food
B)cat
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the cupboard door opening because it has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (the cat food), leading to the cats' conditioned response of running to the kitchen.

Question 14

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.
A)acquisition of motivation
B)relatively permanent behaviour change
C)amplification of sensory stimuli
D)delayed genetic behavioural contributions

Accepted Answer

Learning results in a relatively permanent change in behavior, which is the best fit among the given options. Acquisition of motivation may facilitate learning but it is not the main outcome of learning. Amplification of sensory stimuli is a process by which sensory signals are enhanced but it is not directly related to learning. Delayed genetic behavioral contributions are genetic traits that emerge over time rather than being acquired through learning.

Question 15

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

For classical conditioning to occur, a neutral stimulus (something that does not naturally elicit a response) must be paired with an unconditioned stimulus (something that naturally elicits a response). As a result of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response. Option A is incorrect because the unconditioned response is the natural response to the unconditioned stimulus, and is not necessary for conditioning to occur. Option B is incorrect because the conditioned response is only elicited by the conditioned stimulus, not the unconditioned stimulus or any other response. Option D is incorrect because a conditioned stimulus is only created through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, not another neutral stimulus.

Question 16

Who was Little Albert?
A)developer of the concept of classical conditioning
B)an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
C)creator of methods for teaching children
D)a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Little Albert was a child who developed a fear of a white rat after it was repeatedly paired with a loud, startling noise as part of a famous study on classical conditioning conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920.

Question 17

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behaviour or potential behaviour is known as __________.
A)learning
B)intelligence formation
C)imprinting
D)cognition

Accepted Answer

Learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge or skills through experience, study, or instruction. It leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior, which is the defining feature of learning. Intelligence formation, imprinting, and cognition are also important psychological processes, but they do not fit the description of a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior resulting from experience or practice.

Question 18

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
A)UCR,UCS
B)UCS,UCR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the natural stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without any prior learning. In this scenario, the meat powder is the UCS as it naturally elicits salivation in dogs. However, after conditioning, the previously neutral stimulus (the sound of a bell, for example) can become a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR) after being paired with the UCS. Therefore, since the meat powder is the UCS and the salivation is the UCR, the correct answer is B.

Question 19

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:
A)knowledge.
B)intelligence.
C)learning.
D)performance.

Accepted Answer

Learning is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing. Knowledge refers to the understanding or awareness of information. Intelligence is the ability to perceive, reason, and understand information. Performance refers to the actual execution of a task or behavior. While all of these concepts are related to learning, the definition provided best fits the concept of learning.

Question 20

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
A)vicarious learning
B)the law of effect
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is known for his work in classical conditioning, which involves learning through the association of two different stimuli.

Quiz 7: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

Which of the following is an example of learning?

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

We associate the name of __________ most closely with classical conditioning.

Some of the simplest and most basic learning,which involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviours in the presence of well-defined stimuli,is:

Learning is a process by which experience results in:

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noon.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the:

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was __________.

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

Who was Little Albert?

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behaviour or potential behaviour is known as __________.

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the and salivation was the .

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.