Question 1

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the __________.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the meat was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally and automatically triggered salivation in the dogs. Over time, the ringing of the bell (conditioned stimulus) became associated with the meat (UCS) and eventually elicited a conditioned response (salivating) even in the absence of the meat.

Question 2

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________.
A)cat food
B)cat
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the natural stimulus that triggers an unlearned response. In this case, the UCS is the cat food because it naturally elicits a response of hunger in the cats. The other options are not natural stimuli that trigger an unlearned response in the cats.

Question 3

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?
A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the person lighting the firecrackers. This is because the children start to associate the person with the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers, causing them to start putting their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match. This is a classic example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the person lighting the firecrackers) becomes associated with a response (the loud booming sound) through repeated pairings.

Question 4

In classical conditioning,the inter-stimulus interval refers to the amount of time between ________.
A)learning trials
B)extinction trials
C)presentation of the conditioned stimulus and presentation of the unconditioned stimulus
D)experimental sessions

Accepted Answer

The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) is the time between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). This interval is important for the formation of the conditioned response (CR). If the ISI is too long, the association between the CS and US may not be strong enough for learning to occur; if it is too short, the stimuli may be perceived as occurring simultaneously and the association may not be made at all. Therefore, the correct answer is C, presentation of the conditioned stimulus and presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?
A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the automatic response that occurs without any training or conditioning. In this scenario, the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers is the unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, which is the children putting their hands over their ears. Therefore, the unconditioned response is the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode. As soon as they hear the sound, they react by covering their ears, without any conditioning or training.

Question 6

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________ conditioning.
A)classical
B)operant
C)backward
D)aversive

Accepted Answer

This is known as backward conditioning, in which the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus, making it less effective in creating a conditioned response. Classical conditioning typically involves presenting the conditioned stimulus (such as a bell) before the unconditioned stimulus (such as food) to create a learned association. Operant conditioning involves shaping behaviors through reinforcement or punishment, and aversive conditioning involves pairing a behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Question 7

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking when you hear your favourite song
C)your favourite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Accepted Answer

The puff of air to your eye is an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicits the response of blinking. This response does not need to be learned or conditioned. The other options involve a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned response, but not an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A)A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
B)A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
C)Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine she got a free soft drink,so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
D)A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through association between two stimuli. In this case, the ringing of the bell (neutral stimulus) has been associated with a puff of air to the eye (unconditioned stimulus), causing the child to learn to blink her eyes (conditioned response) to the bell alone (now a conditioned stimulus). The other choices do not involve classical conditioning. B is an example of operant conditioning, C is an example of observational learning, and D is too vague to determine the type of learning involved.

Question 9

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?
A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the natural, automatic trigger of a response without any prior conditioning. In this scenario, the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers is the natural, unconditioned stimulus that triggers the response of children putting their hands over their ears.

Question 10

We associate the name of ___________ most closely with classical conditioning.
A)B)F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning, as he conducted the famous experiments with dogs where he trained them to salivate in response to a bell after repeatedly pairing the sound of the bell with the arrival of food.

Question 11

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning,that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________.
A)cat food; cupboard door opening
B)kitchen; cat food
C)cupboard door opening; cat food
D)cat food; kitchen

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rachel has found that when she opens...

Question 12

Little Albert (Watson,1920)learned through classical conditioning to fear ______.
A)brown cats
B)black dogs
C)white rats
D)his mother

Accepted Answer

Little Albert learned to fear the white rat through classical conditioning. Watson and Rayner paired the presentation of the rat with a loud noise, causing Albert to associate the rat with fear and develop a conditioned fear response.

Question 13

An automatic,innate,and involuntary response to an environmental event is a(n)________.
A)UR
B)reflexive response
C)unconditioned response
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the options (UR, reflexive response, unconditioned response) refer to the same concept - an automatic, innate, and involuntary response to an environmental event. Therefore, any of the choices can be selected as the correct answer.

Question 14

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Accepted Answer

Presenting the tone alone repeatedly is a technique known as extinction, where the conditioned stimulus (the tone) is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (the puff of air). This will eventually lead to the participant no longer blinking in response to the tone, as the association between the tone and the puff of air is weakened. Presenting the puff of air alone repeatedly (B) could potentially lead to the participant developing a response to the puff of air independent of the tone, and increasing the loudness of the tone (C) or the amount of air (D) could strengthen the association between the tone and the puff of air, making the blinking response even stronger.

Question 15

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a(n)_______ stimulus.
A)conditioned
B)discriminative
C)higher-order
D)unconditioned

Accepted Answer

The process described is classical conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response. Through repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response, becoming a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the best answer is A) conditioned.

Question 16

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the sound of the closet door opening because it has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US) of the dog being fed, leading to the dog salivating in response to the CS alone. The dog food (A) is the unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits salivation, so it is not the CS. The cat running (B) and the dog (D) are not mentioned as having any association with the dog food or salivation, so they are not relevant stimuli in this example.

Question 17

How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?
A)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.
B)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
C)The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
D)The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Classically conditioning a person or an animal means that the conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits the conditioned response (CR) after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that originally elicited the unconditioned response (UCR). Therefore, when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone and elicits the conditioned response, it indicates that classical conditioning has taken place. Option C states that the conditioned stimulus alone elicits the conditioned response, which is the correct indication of classical conditioning. Option A is incorrect as it describes only the unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus. Option B is incorrect as it suggests that the unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response, which is not a sign of classical conditioning. Option D is also incorrect as the conditioned response cannot elicit the unconditioned response.

Question 18

New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ .
A)shaping
B)generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)extinction

Accepted Answer

When new learning works in the opposite direction from the original learning, it leads to extinction of the original learning. Extinction occurs when a previously learned behavior decreases in frequency and eventually disappears due to the lack of reinforcement or punishment.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?
A)Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials.
B)One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur.
C)Learning will continue to increase indefinitely.
D)Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning typically requires repeated trials for learning to occur. This is because the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus needs to be strengthened over time for conditioning to be successful. A single trial is usually not sufficient to establish a strong enough association between the two stimuli.

Question 20

Instinctive or involuntary behaviour would probably be BEST modified by ___________ .
A)operant conditioning
B)trial and error
C)classical conditioning
D)shaping

Accepted Answer

Instinctive or involuntary behaviour is best modified by classical conditioning, which involves associating a neutral stimulus with a natural reflex. Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the same response as the natural reflex. This type of conditioning can be used to modify automatic, unconscious responses such as fear, anxiety, and phobias. The other options, operant conditioning, trial and error, and shaping, are better suited for modifying voluntary, learned behaviours.

Quiz 7: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the __________.

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________.

In classical conditioning,the inter-stimulus interval refers to the amount of time between ________.

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________ conditioning.

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

We associate the name of ___________ most closely with classical conditioning.

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning,that the unconditioned stimulus is the and that the conditioned stimulus is the _.

Little Albert (Watson,1920) learned through classical conditioning to fear ______.

An automatic,innate,and involuntary response to an environmental event is a(n) ________.

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a(n) _______ stimulus.

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?

New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ .

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?

Instinctive or involuntary behaviour would probably be BEST modified by ___________ .