Question 1

Once a CR has been conditioned to a particular CS,similar stimuli may also elicit the response.Which term best reflects this phenomenon?
A)instinctual drift.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency for a conditioned response to occur in response to stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus. For example, if a dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, it may also salivate at the sound of a similar tone or chime.

Question 2

A friend has taught her dog to bark whenever she says "Speak." Now,she wants to teach him a new trick by saying "Sit," but he barks whenever she says "Sit." Which term best captures the dog's behaviour?
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)extinction.

Accepted Answer

The dog's behavior is an example of stimulus generalization, where the dog responds to a new command ("Sit") in the same way it was trained to respond to a similar command ("Speak").

Question 3

Conditioning is usually most effective in which type of paradigm?
A)reverse
B)backward
C)trace
D)delay

Accepted Answer

Delay conditioning is the most effective type of conditioning where the CS is presented first and then followed by the US after a short delay. In trace conditioning, there is a gap between the CS and the US which makes it less effective. Backward and reverse conditioning are both less effective because they present the US before the CS or present the CS and US in opposite order, which can lead to inhibition of learning rather than acquisition.

Question 4

Which term characterizes the most widely used type of conditioning wherein the CS comes on prior to and stays on at least until the UCS is presented?
A)trace
B)simultaneous
C)backward
D)delay

Accepted Answer

This describes delay conditioning, which involves presenting the CS first and then continuing to present it until the UCS is presented. The other options do not fit this description - trace conditioning involves a gap between the CS and UCS, simultaneous conditioning presents the CS and UCS at the same time, and backward conditioning presents the UCS first and then the CS.

Question 5

A new dog owner is trying to use classical conditioning to train her dog to blink whenever she says "Blink." She blows into his eyes,then says "Blink," but the dog is not learning to blink at her command.What should she do to improve her training technique?
A)not say "Blink" until after the dog has blinked.
B)say "Blink" before blowing into the dog's eyes.
C)say "Blink" without blowing into the dog's eyes.
D)give the dog a treat whenever he blinks.

Accepted Answer

To effectively use classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus ("Blink") should be presented before the unconditioned stimulus (blowing into the eyes) to create an association.

Question 6

A girl classically conditions her dog to blink by blowing into her dog's eyes just after saying "Blink." Unfortunately,her parrot overhears the procedure,and says "Blink" all day long when the girl is out.When she returns,the girl says "Blink" to her dog,but he does not blink.What is the most likely explanation for the dog's behaviour?
A)shaping has occurred.
B)spontaneous recovery has occurred.
C)the dog's behaviour has generalized.
D)extinction has taken place.

Accepted Answer

The most likely explanation for the dog's behavior is that extinction has taken place. Extinction occurs when the conditioned response (blinking) no longer occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus (saying "Blink") because the reinforcement (blowing into the dog's eyes) is no longer present. In this case, the parrot repeatedly saying "Blink" has likely caused the dogs' conditioned response to become extinguished.

Question 7

What occurs during simultaneous conditioning?
A)both the CS and the UCS are presented at the same time.
B)the CS is turned off before the UCS is presented.
C)both the CS and the CR are presented at the same time.
D)the UCS is turned off before the CS is presented.

Accepted Answer

Simultaneous conditioning refers to the presentation of both the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) at the same time. This can lead to weaker conditioning than other methods, such as delay or trace conditioning, where there is a temporal gap between the presentation of the CS and UCS.

Question 8

Which CS-UCS time interval is most effective?
A)The shorter the interval the better.
B)The longer the interval the better.
C)The optimal interval primarily depends upon the person who is being conditioned.
D)The optimal interval primarily depends upon the response being conditioned.

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of the CS-UCS interval depends on the specific response being conditioned, as different responses may require different timing for optimal conditioning.

Question 9

In which form of conditioning is the CS presented after the UCS?
A)reverse
B)backward
C)delay
D)trace

Accepted Answer

Backward conditioning is a form of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 10

Which process increases the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made?
A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)stimulus generalization

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the process that increases the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made. This means that the individual responds not only to the original stimulus that was paired with the US, but also to similar stimuli. For example, if a person has learned to fear a particular type of snake, they may also experience fear when they encounter a similar-looking snake, even if they have never learned to fear that specific type.

Question 11

A pigeon is in a box pecking different coloured keys.When the red key lights up,food is delivered shortly after,but when the green key lights up,no food is delivered.After a while,the pigeon starts pecking the red key but not the green key.What is this experiment most likely examining?
A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)extinction.

Accepted Answer

The experiment is examining whether the pigeon can discriminate between the red key (which leads to food delivery) and the green key (which does not lead to food delivery). The fact that the pigeon only pecks the red key suggests that it has learned to discriminate between the two stimuli.

Question 12

In classical conditioning,what happens following extinction if the original CS-UCS pairing is renewed?
A)More time will be necessary to reacquire the CR than it took to acquire it originally.
B)Less time will be necessary to reacquire the CR than it took to acquire it originally.
C)The behaviour will be less likely to generalize in the future.
D)The UCS will no longer be an effective stimulus and another UCS must be chosen.

Accepted Answer

If the original CS-UCS pairing is renewed after extinction, less time will be necessary to reacquire the CR than it took to acquire it originally. This phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery, which refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of rest. However, the reclaimed response is usually weaker and more fragile than the original one.

Question 13

What do stimulus generalization gradients demonstrate?
A)human behaviour is relatively slow to adapt.
B)the most important attribute of a CS is its intensity.
C)less time is necessary to reacquire a response than to acquire it originally.
D)the more similar a stimulus is to the original CS,the stronger a CR will be.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization gradients demonstrate that the more similar a stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus (CS), the stronger the conditioned response (CR) will be. This is known as stimulus generalization, and is a key concept in classical conditioning.

Question 14

A child is bitten by a dog while delivering a newspaper to a house.The next day when he sees the house he feels anxious,even though the dog is nowhere in sight.What is the CS?
A)The barking dog.
B)The pain the child feels when bitten by the dog.
C)The pain the child feels when remembering being bitten by the dog.
D)The sight of the house.

Accepted Answer

The sight of the house has become the conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggers the anxiety response in the child. The dog biting and the pain are unconditioned stimuli (UCS) that have conditioned the child to associate the sight of the house with anxiety through classical conditioning.

Question 15

A researcher pairs a tone of 1200 Hz with an electric shock in a conditioning experiment.On some trials,tones of 1000 Hz or 1500 Hz are presented without the shock.What is this experiment most likely to illustrate?
A)blocking.
B)trace conditioning.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

The experiment is most likely to illustrate stimulus discrimination, as it involves pairing a specific tone frequency (1200 Hz) with an electric shock, and then presenting other tone frequencies (1000 Hz and 1500 Hz) without the shock. This allows the researcher to test whether the animal or person being conditioned can discriminate between the different stimuli and respond differently based on the frequency of the tone presented.

Question 16

What occurs during trace conditioning?
A)the CS is turned off before the UCS is presented.
B)both the CS and the UCS are presented at the same time.
C)the UCS is turned off before the CS is presented.
D)both the CS and the CR are presented at the same time.

Accepted Answer

Trace conditioning involves presenting the CS and UCS with a temporal gap or "trace interval" between them, during which neither stimulus is present. In trace conditioning, the CS is turned off before the UCS is presented.

Question 17

"In classical conditioning,as in telling a good joke,timing is critical." What did the authors of the textbook mean?
A)The CR and the UCR must be presented closely enough in time to be perceived as related.
B)The CR and the UCR must be presented far enough apart in time to be perceived as unrelated.
C)The CS and the UCS must be presented far enough apart in time to be perceived as unrelated.
D)The CS and the UCS must be presented closely enough in time to be perceived as related.

Accepted Answer

Timing is critical in classical conditioning, as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must be presented closely enough in time for the organism to perceive them as related and form an association between them. Therefore, option D, which states that the CS and the UCS must be presented closely enough in time to be perceived as related, is the best choice.

Question 18

Mary has a phobia of spiders and received treatment with a therapist.The therapy worked,because at the end of the sessions,she was able to hold a spider in her hands.However,she finished her therapy in the winter,so she went many months without seeing any spiders.The following spring when the spiders were out again,she found her fear was back as well.Which term best captures this scenario?
A)extinction.
B)acquisition.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay or rest period. In this scenario, Mary's fear of spiders returned after a period of time had passed without exposure to them, indicating a spontaneous recovery.

Question 19

A girl has been hit by the school bully and is afraid to go to school.During summer break her fear of going to school decreases and she is eager to go back.However,the first day back to school her fear returns once again.Which term best reflects the reappearance of her fear?
A)savings.
B)extinction.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response, in this case, the fear of going to school. The fact that the fear returned after a period of time suggests spontaneous recovery.

Question 20

In general,for a conditioned response to be acquired,what must be paired several times?
A)CS and UCS
B)CS and CR
C)UCS and UCR
D)UCR and CR

Accepted Answer

For a conditioned response to be acquired, the conditioned stimulus (CS) must be paired several times with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This allows the association between the two stimuli to be strengthened, resulting in the development of a conditioned response (CR). Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.

Quiz 7: A: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

Once a CR has been conditioned to a particular CS,similar stimuli may also elicit the response.Which term best reflects this phenomenon?

A friend has taught her dog to bark whenever she says "Speak." Now,she wants to teach him a new trick by saying "Sit," but he barks whenever she says "Sit." Which term best captures the dog's behaviour?

Conditioning is usually most effective in which type of paradigm?

Which term characterizes the most widely used type of conditioning wherein the CS comes on prior to and stays on at least until the UCS is presented?

A new dog owner is trying to use classical conditioning to train her dog to blink whenever she says "Blink." She blows into his eyes,then says "Blink," but the dog is not learning to blink at her command.What should she do to improve her training technique?

What occurs during simultaneous conditioning?

Which CS-UCS time interval is most effective?

In which form of conditioning is the CS presented after the UCS?

Which process increases the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made?

A pigeon is in a box pecking different coloured keys.When the red key lights up,food is delivered shortly after,but when the green key lights up,no food is delivered.After a while,the pigeon starts pecking the red key but not the green key.What is this experiment most likely examining?

In classical conditioning,what happens following extinction if the original CS-UCS pairing is renewed?

What do stimulus generalization gradients demonstrate?

A child is bitten by a dog while delivering a newspaper to a house.The next day when he sees the house he feels anxious,even though the dog is nowhere in sight.What is the CS?

A researcher pairs a tone of 1200 Hz with an electric shock in a conditioning experiment.On some trials,tones of 1000 Hz or 1500 Hz are presented without the shock.What is this experiment most likely to illustrate?

What occurs during trace conditioning?

"In classical conditioning,as in telling a good joke,timing is critical." What did the authors of the textbook mean?

A girl has been hit by the school bully and is afraid to go to school.During summer break her fear of going to school decreases and she is eager to go back.However,the first day back to school her fear returns once again.Which term best reflects the reappearance of her fear?

In general,for a conditioned response to be acquired,what must be paired several times?