Question 1

Marc showed the greatest increase in REM sleep when he was a participant in the experiment conducted at Trent University (Smith et al.,2004).What else can likely be said about Marc's experience?

Accepted Answer

There is no information to suggest that Marc was exempt from or performed at baseline levels on the Tower of Hanoi test. Therefore, the only logical inference that can be made is that he showed the most improvement on the Tower of Hanoi test.

Question 2

An individual suffers from somnambulism.What type of behaviour will most likely be exhibited?

Accepted Answer

Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, is a parasomnia that occurs during deep sleep. Individuals with somnambulism typically exhibit behaviors such as walking or performing other complex activities while still asleep.

Question 3

A therapist espouses a Freudian perspective of dream interpretation.When she interprets dreams what is she most likely to do?

Accepted Answer

A therapist espousing a Freudian perspective of dream interpretation is most likely to believe that dreams reveal the patient's unconscious wishes. Freud believed that dreams were primarily motivated by unconscious desires and that the events and symbols in dreams were a way for the unconscious to express these wishes. A Freudian therapist would focus on uncovering these unconscious desires through interpreting the symbolic content of dreams.

Question 4

In a seminar on dream analysis,a woman recounts a dream in which she went on a boat ride down the Nile river.It was so hot that she wanted to take off her shirt.After a while she became very hungry,but all the guides could offer her to eat were bananas.What would most dream researchers likely agree upon?

Accepted Answer

Dream researchers would likely agree that the woman only remembers the manifest content of her dream, which includes the surface-level details such as the boat ride, heat, and hunger for bananas. It is not necessarily assumed that all dreams have hidden meanings, and there is no indication in this scenario that the dream was a lucid dream (in which the dreamer is aware they are dreaming and can control the dream). Additionally, while the dream could potentially have latent content (hidden or symbolic meanings), there is no information given to support or refute this possibility.

Question 5

David is a 7-year old boy who is sleepwalking at a friend's house.His friend,warned of this behaviour,knows that David is sleeping but doesn't know how to get him back to bed.Should he be afraid of waking David up?

Accepted Answer

While it is true that waking a sleepwalker can result in combative behavior, this is not always the case. In general, it is best to avoid waking a sleepwalker if possible. However, in this situation, it is important to prioritize David's safety and well-being. Allowing him to navigate through an unfamiliar environment while asleep could put him in danger, so it is preferable to gently awaken him and guide him back to bed. While he may be confused initially, this is a small price to pay for ensuring his safety.

Question 6

What did researchers discover about the relationship between sleep efficiency and longevity?

Accepted Answer

Researchers found that individuals who spent the highest percentage of their bedtime actually asleep lived the longest. This suggests that sleep efficiency, or the amount of time spent asleep while in bed, does have a relationship with longevity.

Question 7

Who wrote,The Interpretation of Dreams?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud wrote "The Interpretation of Dreams" in 1899, which is considered one of his most significant works and a cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory.

Question 8

Which sleep disorder can be characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and a complete loss of muscle control during wakefulness?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep during the daytime. It is often associated with a complete loss of muscle control, known as cataplexy, which can be induced by strong emotions such as laughter or surprise. Insomnia is a difficulty falling or staying asleep. Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. Restless legs syndrome is a condition characterized by an uncomfortable feeling in the legs, which can be relieved by movement.

Question 9

A six-year-old child suddenly awakens in a state of extreme arousal accompanied by panicky screams.What sleep disorder is this child most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

A sleep terror is a sleep disorder that typically affects children and involves sudden arousal from sleep accompanied by intense fear or panic, often with screaming or crying. It usually occurs during the first third of the night and the child will have little or no memory of the event upon waking up. Somnambulism (A) is sleepwalking, sleep apnea (B) is a breathing-related sleep disorder, and narcolepsy (C) is a disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep. None of these disorders present with the sudden arousal and intense fear or panic seen in sleep terrors.

Question 10

Nick stops breathing hundreds of times during the course of the night.From which condition does Nick likely suffer?

Accepted Answer

Nick is most likely suffering from sleep apnea, which is a disorder that causes a person to stop breathing repeatedly while they sleep. This can lead to oxygen deprivation and other negative health consequences. Cataplexy and narcolepsy are sleep disorders that involve sudden muscle weakness and excessive sleepiness respectively, but they do not typically cause breathing problems.

Question 11

What do most scientists believe about narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Most scientists believe that narcolepsy has a genetic basis, as there is evidence of certain genes being linked to the disorder.

Question 12

Which statement about sleep disturbances is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that sleep disturbances are found in 43% of sleep participants who have no complaints of insomnia.

Answer: D 
 Research has also shown that 38% of sleep participants complain of insomnia when they actually sleep normally. The other answer choices are not supported by research.

Question 13

A man has difficulty sleeping.He rarely falls asleep quickly,is frequently aroused during sleep,and wakens too early in the morning.Which sleep disorder is most likely being described?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are characteristic of insomnia, which is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and early morning awakenings.

Question 14

Which sleep disorder would probably be of the most concern if one was being driven somewhere by a person who has this sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness. People with narcolepsy may fall asleep suddenly and without warning, even during activities such as driving. This can be very dangerous, as it can lead to accidents.

Question 15

In a classroom exercise,a student is recounting a dream in which she finds herself exploring a steamy tropical jungle,when suddenly she comes upon a group of monkeys dressed in tuxedos talking to one another.In terms of Freudian dream analysis,what is the student describing?

Accepted Answer

The student is describing the manifest content of the dream, which is the literal storyline and events that occurred within the dream. Freud would argue that the manifest content serves as a disguise or cover-up for the true hidden desires and unconscious conflicts represented by the dream. However, based on the information provided in this exercise, it is not possible to determine what those hidden desires might be.

Question 16

What does research on nightmares suggest?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that nightmares are more common in children than in adults, as children's brains are still developing and they may have more vivid imaginations and fears.

Question 17

Which term reflects the distortion process by which the hidden meaning of a dream is transformed into what is remembered by the dreamer?

Accepted Answer

The term that reflects the distortion process by which the hidden meaning of a dream is transformed into what is remembered by the dreamer is "dream work". The dream work involves several mechanisms such as condensation, displacement, symbolization, and secondary elaboration that transform the latent content into the manifest content of a dream.

Question 18

A young child frequently wakes up in the night upset about a dream.The child recalls the dream in vivid detail and is afraid to go back to sleep.What is this child most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

The child is experiencing nightmares, which are vivid and scary dreams that can cause distress and fear upon waking up. Sleep terrors involve sudden episodes of fear or screaming during sleep, and insomnia refers to regular difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, involves walking or performing other activities during sleep.

Question 19

A student reports that he hardly sleeps at all.His roommate says that he appears to sleep deeply and is not even bothered by dorm noises when he is asleep.Which condition is most likely being described?

Accepted Answer

The discrepancy between the student's reported lack of sleep and the roommate's observation of deep and undisturbed sleep suggests that the student may be experiencing subjective insomnia, where the perception of poor sleep does not match objective measures of sleep quality.

Question 20

A girl has a dream in which she is terribly frightened when she is abducted by space aliens.Then she is taken to a fantastically beautiful solar system and is overjoyed when she is made queen of her new world.What does the presence of strong emotional and sensory content in this dream suggest?

Accepted Answer

The presence of strong emotional and sensory content in the dream suggests that it occurred during REM sleep, as this stage of sleep is associated with vivid dreaming and emotional processing.

Quiz 6: A: Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

Marc showed the greatest increase in REM sleep when he was a participant in the experiment conducted at Trent University (Smith et al.,2004) .What else can likely be said about Marc's experience?