Question 1

Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?
A)material learned while drugged, material tested while drugged
B)material learned while drugged, material tested when no drug taken
C)material learned when no drug taken, material tested when no drug taken
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

State dependent forgetting occurs when the internal state at the time of encoding matches the internal state at the time of retrieval. Therefore, material learned while under the influence of a drug will be better remembered when tested under the same influence (Choice A), but also when tested under sober conditions if the encoding and retrieval states match (Choice B). Choice C does not involve any change in internal state, so state dependent forgetting is not expected in this scenario.

Question 2

Distinguish between "context-specific" tolerance and "pharmacodynamic" tolerance.

Accepted Answer

Context-specific tolerance refers to a decrease in response to a drug primarily resulting from learning processes, in which the contextual stimuli become CSs for compensatory CRs that reduce the apparent drug-induced reactions (UCRs), or the organism learns instrumental compensatory responses to behaviorally disruptive effects of the drug, or simple habituation occurs to the drug stimuli.If the contextual stimuli are changed or the task contingencies change, the tolerance may be reduced or eliminated.Pharmacodynamic tolerance refers to changes in cellular membranes, receptors, or neurotransmitter levels reflecting physiological homeostatic processes.These processes are activated when the concentration of the drug is high and the actions are prolonged and are generally independent of the context in which the drug is taken.

Question 3

How are the processes of "enabling" and "denial" factors in drug dependency?

Accepted Answer

Enabling occurs when friends, family members, or acquaintances engage in behaviors that reduce the negative consequences of the addict's drug-associated behaviors on the addict, e.g., loaning the addict money, covering up their mistakes, making excuses for them.This decreases the recognition that there is a problem and the motivation to do something about it, and also facilitates the process of denial.Denial refers to the inability of addicts to consciously acknowledge that their drug-taking behaviors are causing problems for themselves and others or that they have lost control over their drug-taking.Without recognizing that there is a problem, there is little likelihood that treatment will be sought out and if forced into treatment, little likelihood that the treatment will have any lasting effects on the addict.

Question 4

Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors
A)becoming more sensitive
B)becoming less sensitive
C)showing little increase or decrease in sensitivity
D)becoming more active

Accepted Answer

When postsynaptic receptors are greatly activated by drugs, they often become less sensitive. This phenomenon, known as desensitization or downregulation, occurs as the neuron's adaptive response to maintain homeostasis in the face of excessive stimulation.

Question 5

A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions.
The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to GR1944 does not appear to have occurred.
-Do these observations tell us anything regarding the question of whether GR1944 is capable of inducing physical dependence? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher is investigating some of the...

Question 6

A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions.
The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to GR1944 does not appear to have occurred.
-Do these observations tell us anything regarding the question of whether GR1944 is capable of inducing physical dependence? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher is investigating some of the...

Question 7

Which mechanism was not cited by the textbook as a factor in tolerance?
A)depletion of neurotransmitters
B)prevention of drug getting through the blood brain barrier
C)increase in drug metabolizing enzymes
D)changes in neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity

Accepted Answer

The textbook did not cite prevention of drug getting through the blood brain barrier as a factor in tolerance. The other three choices were cited as factors in tolerance.

Question 8

Two groups of rats have a small pellet implanted under the skin.In Group A rats the pellet contains morphine, which is slowly absorbed over a 72 hour period.In Group B rats the pellet contains an inert substance.The rats are kept in their home cages for the three days after the pellet implantation.Both groups are then tested for analgesia by being injected intraperitoneally with a small dose of morphine.This test consists of the rats being placed on a hot surface and they are timed to see how long it takes them to lick their paws.(It is assumed that the longer it takes the rats to lick their paws, the more the analgesia.) Group A rats display much less of an analgesic response than Group B rats.Is this tolerance phenomenon more compatible with a pharmacodynamic or a context specific mechanism for tolerance development? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two groups of rats have a small...

Question 9

John Key has been injecting the drug Sopor to get “high” four to six times daily for a month. In addition to the euphoria experienced, the drug induces low blood pressure, low heart rate, pupillary constriction, and constipation. If John were to immediately stop taking Sopor, what might the abstinence syndrome look like and what would be its likely time course (described in terms of duration and intensity)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of John Key has been injecting the drug...

Question 10

What is a pharmacological reason for receptor "down-regulation"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a pharmacological reason for receptor...

Question 11

What are the distinctions between "drug abuse" and "drug dependence"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the distinctions between "drug abuse"...

Question 12

A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions.
The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to GR1944 does not appear to have occurred.

-Are these observations more compatible with a pharmacodynamic or a context-specific mechanism for tolerance development? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher is investigating some of the...

Question 13

Most of the drugs used to treat major mental and emotional disorders, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants and lithium, generally produce
A)strong physiological dependence
B)both psychological and physiological dependence
C)moderate psychological dependence
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Most drugs used to treat major mental and emotional disorders, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, and lithium, do not typically produce strong physiological or psychological dependence, distinguishing them from substances like opioids or benzodiazepines that can lead to significant dependence issues.

Question 14

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _______(1)____________.If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are ______(2)__________.
A)(1) marijuana; (2) alcohol
B)(1) alcohol; (2) stimulants, depressants, or tranquilizers
C)(1) alcohol; (2) marijuana
D)(1) marijuana; (2) stimulants

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is typically the first illegal substance used by high school students, followed by marijuana if they move on to other drugs.

Question 15

Drugs that commonly induce both physical and psychological dependence are
A)antipsychotics
B)LSD and mescaline
C)sedative-hypnotics
D)narcotic antagonists

Accepted Answer

Sedative-hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, are known to induce both physical and psychological dependence. Physical dependence refers to the body's adaptation to the drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when the drug is abruptly discontinued. Psychological dependence refers to the user's emotional and mental reliance on the drug, resulting in cravings and a perceived need for the drug to function normally. The other options listed do not typically induce both types of dependence to the same extent.

Question 16

What are two actions induced by psychotropic drugs that may lead to receptor "up-regulation"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are two actions induced by psychotropic...

Question 17

The hypothesis that some drug tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the effects of drugs would predict that
A)the rate of tolerance development is a function of the difficulty of the task performed while under the influence of the drug
B)drug-induced decrements in performance will not show tolerance
C)drug-induced enhancements of performance should show tolerance
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis suggests that tolerance develops as a learned response to counteract drug effects, which would be influenced by the complexity of tasks performed under the drug's influence.

Question 18

The sight of a syringe has been noted to produce in a heroin addict a sudden desire for a "fix" and he begins twitching.Such reactions were not present until the syringe was seen.We can say that the syringe has become
A)a conditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned response
D)an unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

The sight of a syringe has become associated with the heroin addiction and has elicited a desire for a fix. This is a classic example of classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the syringe) becomes associated with a natural, unconditioned response (the desire for a fix) through repeated pairings with another stimulus (the drug). The syringe is now a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (the desire for a fix).

Question 19

The terms "tachyphylaxis" or "acute tolerance" refers to
A)a very rapidly developing tolerance to a drug's effects
B)a very slowly developing tolerance
C)tolerance which alters the person's reactions to other drugs
D)long-term tolerance

Accepted Answer

Tachyphylaxis or acute tolerance refers to a very rapid development of tolerance to a drug's effects, sometimes in just a few doses or even within the same dose. This can occur with medications such as opioids, where the body quickly adapts to the drug's effects, resulting in a reduced response to subsequent doses.

Question 20

What is the relationship between tolerance and receptor "desensitization"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the relationship between tolerance and...

Quiz 6: Tolerance, Sensitization, Dependence, and Addiction

Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?

Distinguish between "context-specific" tolerance and "pharmacodynamic" tolerance.

How are the processes of "enabling" and "denial" factors in drug dependency?

Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors

Which mechanism was not cited by the textbook as a factor in tolerance?

What is a pharmacological reason for receptor "down-regulation"?

What are the distinctions between "drug abuse" and "drug dependence"?

Most of the drugs used to treat major mental and emotional disorders, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants and lithium, generally produce

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _(1) .If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are (2) ______.

Drugs that commonly induce both physical and psychological dependence are

What are two actions induced by psychotropic drugs that may lead to receptor "up-regulation"?

The hypothesis that some drug tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the effects of drugs would predict that

The sight of a syringe has been noted to produce in a heroin addict a sudden desire for a "fix" and he begins twitching.Such reactions were not present until the syringe was seen.We can say that the syringe has become

The terms "tachyphylaxis" or "acute tolerance" refers to

What is the relationship between tolerance and receptor "desensitization"?

Quiz 6: Tolerance, Sensitization, Dependence, and Addiction

Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?

Distinguish between "context-specific" tolerance and "pharmacodynamic" tolerance.

How are the processes of "enabling" and "denial" factors in drug dependency?

Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors

Which mechanism was not cited by the textbook as a factor in tolerance?

What is a pharmacological reason for receptor "down-regulation"?

What are the distinctions between "drug abuse" and "drug dependence"?

Most of the drugs used to treat major mental and emotional disorders, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants and lithium, generally produce

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _______(1) ____________.If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are ______(2) __________.

Drugs that commonly induce both physical and psychological dependence are

What are two actions induced by psychotropic drugs that may lead to receptor "up-regulation"?

The hypothesis that some drug tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the effects of drugs would predict that

The sight of a syringe has been noted to produce in a heroin addict a sudden desire for a "fix" and he begins twitching.Such reactions were not present until the syringe was seen.We can say that the syringe has become

The terms "tachyphylaxis" or "acute tolerance" refers to

What is the relationship between tolerance and receptor "desensitization"?

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _(1) .If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are (2) ______.