Question 1

Which of the following is the best example of delinquent behavior?

Accepted Answer

Delinquent behavior involves breaking the law or societal norms. Vandalizing a public park by uprooting trees, spray-painting graffiti, and damaging park benches is an example of delinquent behavior. The other choices involve different types of negative behavior but do not constitute delinquent behavior.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is correct?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that as children grow older, they generally move through the stages of moral reasoning, developing more complex and abstract forms of reasoning as they age. This progression has been observed across different cultures, supporting the idea that older children engage in higher stages of moral reasoning than younger children.

Question 3

Gardner provides his history class with a syllabus that outlines the rules and procedures the class will follow to ensure a comfortable environment for all.Dr.Gardner emphasizes that if the rules seem unfair or cause a hardship,he is willing to negotiate new rules.This philosophy of class management is most consistent with which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's social contract stage emphasizes the importance of individuals' agreements and a just framework of rules and procedures that benefit everyone involved. Dr. Gardner's willingness to negotiate new rules demonstrates a focus on building a fair environment for all students.

Question 4

Which of the following moral principles typically overrides all other concerns of moral judgment in Western societies?

Accepted Answer

Justice is a fundamental moral principle and is often considered to be the most important principle in Western societies. It emphasizes the need for fairness and righteousness in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and punishments. Other principles, such as wisdom, fairness, and equality, are also important, but they are typically viewed as subordinate to the principle of justice.

Question 5

What is true about teens that are close to their parents?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that teens who have a close relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in risky behaviors like drug use. This could be due to the fact that parental involvement provides a sense of support and guidance, reducing the need for teens to turn to harmful substances or behaviors for comfort.

Question 6

Which of the following best defines the term antisocial in psychological theories?

Accepted Answer

In psychological theories, the term antisocial typically refers to a disregard for the norms and rules of society. This can include behaviors such as lying, stealing, and engaging in aggressive or violent acts. It is considered a personality disorder and is often associated with traits such as impulsivity and a lack of empathy. Choices B, C, and D do not accurately reflect the definition of antisocial in psychological theories.

Question 7

Which of the following refers to the ability to look at a situation from another person's perspective?

Accepted Answer

Role-taking is the ability to understand a situation from another person's point of view. It involves considering other people's thoughts and feelings, which allows individuals to be more empathetic and make better decisions from a holistic perspective. Perspective assumptions are an assumption or belief about a situation that may or may not be accurate. Role reversal is a technique used in therapy, where individuals switch roles to get insight into the other person's perspective, but it is not a term used to describe the ability to understand others' perspectives. Egocentrism is the tendency to view everything from one's perspective, without considering others' perspectives, so it is not the correct answer for this question.

Question 8

In the great majority of families,what are conflicts between parents and children generally about?

Accepted Answer

In the great majority of families, conflicts between parents and children are generally about everyday issues such as chores. While conflicts may arise over other issues such as problems with teachers, relationships with peers, and work, they are less common than everyday issues.

Question 9

Which of the following best summarizes the importance of parental-teen relationships across cultures?

Accepted Answer

Across cultures, research suggests that consistent and high-quality parental attachment is more important to most teenagers than the strength of peer attachments. Parental attachment provides a sense of security and support for teens, which can help them navigate the challenges of adolescence. While peer relationships are important, they are not typically seen as taking precedence over parental relationships during this developmental stage.

Question 10

Carol Gilligan argues that there are two distinct moral orientations.What are they?

Accepted Answer

According to Carol Gilligan, the two distinct moral orientations are justice and care. Justice emphasizes fairness, rules, and individual rights, while care emphasizes relationships, compassion, and interdependence. Gilligan argues that traditional ethical theories have primarily focused on justice and neglected the importance of care, especially in the context of women's experiences. She suggests that both orientations are important and that a more nuanced approach to ethics should include both justice and care.

Question 11

Smith pays his income taxes and obeys the posted speed limits because "that is the law," he says.Mr.Smith is most likely reasoning at which stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Mr. Smith's reasoning reflects the "Social system and conscience" stage of moral development, where actions are judged right based on whether they uphold the laws and obligations to which the individual has agreed, indicating a respect for established social order and a duty to uphold laws and rules.

Question 12

The rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs,such as the family,peer group,or religion,become the basis of moral judgments during which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, the third level is conventional morality, in which an individual follows the rules and norms of their group and society. This level is characterized by a desire to maintain social order and gain approval from others, and the individual's moral judgments are based on whether or not their actions are in line with these rules and norms. Therefore, the rules or norms of a group, such as the family, peer group or religion, become the basis of moral judgments during the conventional morality level.

Question 13

Which of the following terms describes antisocial behavior that includes law-breaking?

Accepted Answer

Delinquency is the term that describes antisocial behavior, including law-breaking. Juvenile behavior and acting out are more general terms that do not necessarily involve breaking the law. Role-taking refers to the process of assuming and understanding the perspectives of others.

Question 14

Which of the following is a necessary condition for the development of advanced moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

In order to engage in advanced moral reasoning, individuals must be able to think abstractly and consider multiple perspectives. This is only possible through the development of concrete operational and formal operational thinking skills. Absence of egocentrism can contribute to advanced moral reasoning, but it is not a necessary condition. Religious upbringing, beliefs, and education can influence an individual's moral reasoning, but they are also not necessary conditions.

Question 15

According to Kohlberg,the highest stage of moral reasoning is

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg believed that the highest stage of moral reasoning is characterized by the recognition of universal ethical principles that apply to all individuals equally. This stage involves an individual’s internalization of moral principles founded on abstract reasoning and a consistent understanding of justice and equality. This stage surpasses particular societal norms or laws and aims at the expression of the person's positive values such as justice, liberty, and respect for human dignity.

Question 16

Which of the following is believed by Kohlberg and others to be the most important contributor to moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

The decline in egocentrism is believed by Kohlberg and others to be the most important contributor to moral reasoning because it allows individuals to consider the perspectives of others and to understand that there are different ways of thinking about moral issues.

Question 17

Like most teens,Annika has two contradictory tasks in her relationship with her parents: to establish autonomy from them and

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a sense of relatedness with her parents is a natural and necessary part of development for teens. While they seek independence, they still need parental support and guidance. The other options (A, B, and D) do not accurately reflect a healthy or typical relationship dynamic between teens and their parents.

Question 18

If you believe that there are distinct differences in the way that boys and girls perceive moral dilemmas,which theorist would you most likely support?

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan is known for her theory on moral development that highlights gender differences, specifically that females tend to focus more on relationships and empathy in their decision-making, while males tend to prioritize justice and reasoning.

Question 19

Which of the following statements best summarizes the success of programs designed to deter delinquent behavior in adolescents?

Accepted Answer

The passage states that "research has revealed that many delinquency prevention programs have not been successful" and that "while some programs have shown positive results in the short-term, few have been proven to have long-term impact." Therefore, option D is the best summarized statement. Options A, B, and C are not supported by the information provided in the passage.

Question 20

Which of the following characteristics is both a cause and a consequence of moral development according to Nancy Eisenberg?

Accepted Answer

According to Nancy Eisenberg, empathy is both a cause and a consequence of moral development. When children experience empathy toward others, they are more likely to understand the moral implications of their actions and develop a stronger sense of morality. Similarly, as children become more adept at understanding moral issues and making ethical decisions, they are more likely to develop stronger empathy skills.

Quiz 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence