Question 1

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of human development places primary emphasis on

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory emphasizes the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop, including the microsystem (immediate environment), mesosystem (interactions among microsystems), exosystem (external social settings), macrosystem (cultural values and laws), and chronosystem (historical time period). It considers multiple levels of influence on development beyond just biological needs or environmental stimuli.

Question 2

Which of the following is particularly useful in research that is the focus of behavioral genetics?

Accepted Answer

Identical twins are particularly useful in behavioral genetics research because they share virtually identical genetics, making it easier to study the role of genes in behavior.

Question 3

Psychosocial is to ________ as psychoanalytic is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychosocial is to ________ as psychoanalytic is...

Question 4

In looking at the relationship between heredity and IQ,which of the following is the most true?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the influence of genetics on IQ becomes more pronounced as people age, suggesting that heredity plays a larger role in adult IQ scores than in childhood IQ scores.

Question 5

In terms of usefulness and reliability,which of the following is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, while influential and widely discussed in educational and developmental psychology, lacks the extensive empirical support that some other theories, like Piaget's cognitive development theory, have garnered. This doesn't mean it's not useful or reliable, but rather that there's still much to explore and validate within the framework he proposed.

Question 6

Which of the following contexts of development includes the values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is growing up?

Accepted Answer

The Macrosystem includes the cultural context in which a child develops, including values, beliefs, customs, and laws. This context shapes the child's experiences within the other contexts of development (micro-, meso-, and exosystem).

Question 7

An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating many theoretical perspectives in order to better explain development.Which of the following describes this approach?

Accepted Answer

Eclecticism involves incorporating multiple theoretical perspectives or approaches in order to better understand a phenomenon. In the study of human development, this approach may involve utilizing theories from different fields or disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complex processes involved in growing and changing over the course of a lifetime.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children who receive scaffolding from their parents early on tend to perform better in elementary school than those who do not receive such support. This supports Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which emphasizes the role of social interaction and guidance in children's cognitive development. Option B is incorrect because while Vygotsky's ideas have been influential, they have also been subjected to critique and revision by later researchers. Option C is incorrect because research has generally found that collaborative learning can enhance children's performance on a range of tasks. Option D is incorrect because Vygotsky's ideas continue to be widely discussed and debated in the field of developmental psychology.

Question 9

Of the following concepts,which is an aspect of the sociobiology theory of human development?

Accepted Answer

The sociobiology theory posits that social rules and behaviors have evolved over time to ensure the survival and reproduction of the species. This evolutionary perspective suggests that certain innate and adaptive behaviors help humans and other animals to survive and reproduce, both individually and as a group.

Question 10

Which of the following was one of the findings in testing the principle of conservation?

Accepted Answer

The finding that six- and seven-year-olds recognized that a ball of clay rolled into a sausage shape still had the same amount of clay was a key finding in testing the principle of conservation. This demonstrated that children are capable of understanding that certain properties of objects (such as quantity) can remain the same even if their appearance is altered. This was a major accomplishment in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 11

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence IQ?

Accepted Answer

While media consumption can have an impact on cognitive development, it is not as significant a factor as genetics, parental IQ, or environmental factors. Therefore, of the options given, the type of television shows a child watches is least likely to influence IQ.

Question 12

An important addition to the three traditional broad theories of development has been the ________ foundations of development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An important addition to the three traditional...

Question 13

Which of the following contexts of development includes those variables to which people are exposed directly,such as families,schools,religious institutions,and neighborhoods?

Accepted Answer

The microsystem includes the immediate environment that individuals are directly exposed to, such as family, school, religious institutions, and neighborhoods. This level of development encompasses the relationships and interactions with people and objects in their immediate surroundings.

Question 14

According to Freud,the aspect of the personality that demands immediate gratification of sexual and aggressive impulses is the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Freud,the aspect of the personality...

Question 15

You find a wallet lying on the floor of your classroom.Everyone else has left and you are alone.Part of your personality wants to take the money that is in the wallet and part of your personality is telling you that it would wrong to do so.According to psychoanalytic theory,the part that is telling you that it would be wrong is your ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You find a wallet lying on the...

Question 16

The idea that certain human behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species is drawn from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The idea that certain human behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species is drawn from ethology, which is the study of animal behavior in their natural environment. Ethology suggests that certain behaviors have evolved through natural selection because they provided a survival advantage to the species.

Question 17

Which of the following contexts of development includes the institutions of the culture that affect children's development indirectly?

Accepted Answer

The exosystem includes settings that indirectly affect children's development, such as a parent's workplace or neighborhood, and the institutions of the culture, such as the healthcare system, education system, and mass media. The mesosystem refers to the connections between different microsystems, such as home and school, and the macrosystem refers to the larger cultural and societal contexts that influence development, such as norms, values, and historical events.

Question 18

Developmentalists who study children's cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective and from an information-processing perspective would agree upon which of the following observations about children's cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Both Piagetian and information-processing perspectives emphasize the importance of experiences and environmental factors in shaping cognitive development. They would agree that diversified experiences in an enriched environment are beneficial for children's cognitive growth. Option A is incorrect because memory is a crucial aspect of cognitive development. Option C is incorrect because logical thinking is based upon more complex processes than simple conditioned responses. Option D is incorrect because age is a significant factor in children's cognitive development.

Question 19

I say that a friend of mine is carrying "excess baggage" into his relationships.Erikson would say that my friend has unresolved ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of I say that a friend of mine...

Question 20

Which of the following do psychoanalytic and most learning theories have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both psychoanalytic and most learning theories suggest that individuals are largely influenced by external factors and experiences, indicating a passive role in receiving environmental influences.

Quiz 2: Theories of Development