Question 1

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is known as the pioneer of classical conditioning, a form of learning which involves learning through the association of stimuli. He famously discovered this phenomenon through his experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate in response to a ringing bell by repeatedly pairing the two stimuli together.

Question 2

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually elicits a similar response, making it a conditioned stimulus.

Question 3

An automatic,innate,and involuntary response to an environmental event is an ________.

Accepted Answer

All the options describe an automatic, innate, and involuntary response to an environmental event.

Question 4

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from experience. The other options (A, C, D) do not accurately describe the process of learning.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of learning?

Accepted Answer

Option D is the best example of learning as it involves a change in behavior based on experience. The student has learned from past experiences that swatting at a wasp may aggravate it, and therefore chooses not to engage in that behavior. Options A and B are examples of development but not necessarily learning. Option C is a physiological response to a substance, not a learned behavior.

Question 6

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel #5,he began to breathe faster.Sue's kiss was the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's...

Question 7

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Learning is the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior. Intelligence formation refers to the development of cognitive abilities, while imprinting refers specifically to the process by which animals form social bonds with other organisms or objects. Cognition refers to mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

Question 8

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs and their response to conditioned stimuli. Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner were important psychologists as well, but they are best known for their work in behaviorism and operant conditioning.

Question 9

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Bobby's accelerated breathing when he and Sue kissed is the:

Accepted Answer

The UCR (unconditioned response) is Bobby's accelerated breathing in response to the kiss from Sue, which is an innate response. None of the other options fit this scenario as they pertain to conditioned responses or stimuli.

Question 10

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the natural response that is not learned. In this case, the unconditioned response is the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode. This response is not learned or conditioned, as even young children who have never been exposed to firecrackers would likely have a similar response. The other options - the person lighting the firecrackers, the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers, and the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers - are all conditioned responses that are learned through experience.

Question 11

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus in this scenario is the person lighting the firecrackers. The children have learned to associate the sound of the firecrackers with the presence of the person lighting them, so they now respond to the sight of the person with the same reaction of covering their ears. This is classic Pavlovian conditioning, where an originally neutral stimulus (the person lighting the firecrackers) becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus (the loud sound of the firecrackers) and ultimately elicits the same response from the organism (covering their ears).

Question 12

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to the process through which experience leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior. Knowledge, intelligence, and performance are related concepts but do not necessarily involve a change in behavior or potential behavior as a result of experience.

Question 13

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival,but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers. This is because it elicits an automatic response from the children (putting their hands over their ears) without any prior learning or conditioning. The person lighting the firecrackers does not elicit this automatic response, and neither do the children put their hands over their ears when they see the person approach the firecrackers with a match or when the firecrackers explode (these are learned responses that result from conditioning). Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 14

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that triggers a learned response, in this case, the opening of the cupboard door. The cats have learned to associate the sound of the door opening with the availability of food and have therefore developed a conditioned response of running to the kitchen.

Question 15

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Accepted Answer

The puff of air to your eye is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally and automatically causes the reflexive response of blinking.

Question 16

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most known for his research on classical conditioning, where he trained dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the arrival of food.

Question 17

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the act of eating lunch when seeing both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating noontime. This means that the individual has learned, through conditioning, to associate a certain time with the act of eating lunch, regardless of hunger cues or when they last ate breakfast.

Question 18

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the one that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the dog food) through repeated pairing. In this scenario, the sound of the closet door opening has become associated with the presence of dog food, leading to the dog salivating at the sound of the door opening. Thus, C is the correct answer. The other options (dog, cat running) are not conditioned stimuli in this scenario.

Question 19

Classical conditioning:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is primarily concerned with reflexes, which are involuntary responses. The process is also considered passive, meaning the individual being conditioned is not actively involved in the learning process. Therefore, all of the above options (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 20

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Chanel #5 is the:

Accepted Answer

The scent of Chanel #5 perfume has become associated with the experience of kissing Bobby, thus becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) that will elicit a conditioned response (CR) of an accelerated breathing by Sue. The kiss is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that naturally causes the unconditioned response (UCR) of an accelerated breathing by Bobby.

Quiz 4: Learning