Question 1

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without an immediate change in behavior. The changes in behavior may show up later when a motivation arises, but the learning has taken place even before the behavior changes. Option A, vicarious learning, refers to learning that occurs through observation of others' actions and their consequences. Option B, innate learning, refers to behavior that is genetically programmed and doesn't require learning. Option D, insight, refers to the sudden realization of a solution to a problem or understanding of a concept.

Question 2

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is _____.

Accepted Answer

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is insight. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs but is not immediately evident in behavior. Cognitive mapping is the mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Contingency blocking refers to a phenomenon in which a conditioned stimulus fails to elicit a conditioned response if it is presented along with a previously conditioned stimulus that had been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Cognitive maps are:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive maps are mental representations of spatial relationships or other information, which are learned without explicit reinforcement. They are used to navigate environments and solve problems. Conditioning theories, on the other hand, emphasize the role of reinforcement in learning, making option B incorrect. Cognitive maps can also be involved in insightful problem solving, making option D incorrect.

Question 4

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Tolman.

Question 5

On a variable-ratio schedule,reinforcement is given _______.

Accepted Answer

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given after a randomly varying number of responses are given. This means that the reinforcement is not given after a specific amount of time or a specific number of responses, but rather after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule is highly effective for maintaining behavior because the individual doesn't know when they will be reinforced and must keep responding to receive reinforcement.

Question 6

Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees' behavior.She is interested in short-term productivity (speed),not consistency,long-term productivity,or employee turnover.According to reinforcement theory,she should probably use a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Abigail is trying to figure out how...

Question 7

On a variable-interval schedule,reinforcement is given _______.

Accepted Answer

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed. This unpredictability tends to produce more consistent responding and higher rates of responding compared to fixed-interval schedules.

Question 8

During your very first visit to your campus,you probably needed a map to get around efficiently.However,a little while later you no longer needed the map,because _______ had occurred.

Accepted Answer

The process of no longer needing a map to navigate around campus is an example of cognitive learning, which involves acquiring knowledge, understanding, and mental models of the environment. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response, while instrumental and operant conditioning involve reinforcing or punishing behavior to increase or decrease the likelihood of it being repeated.

Question 9

Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees' behavior.She is worried about consistent behavior,not speed.Therefore,she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers.According to reinforcement principles,she should probably use a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Abigail is trying to figure out how...

Question 10

Cognitive learning involves:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves the internal representations or mental models that individuals form to understand and make sense of events in the world. It includes the processes of perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving to create schemas and concepts that organize and interpret information. It focuses on how people think and reason, rather than on observable behavior or responses.

Question 11

If Billy was praised every 4th time he collected rocks without throwing them,his behavior would be on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Billy is being praised every 4th time he collects rocks, which means he is being reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule.

Question 12

Insight is a concept associated with _______ learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Insight learning theory falls under the cognitive learning theory, which emphasizes the mental processes involved in learning, such as problem-solving, perception, and reasoning. Insight is a sudden realization of a solution to a problem that was previously unclear. It involves the use of intuition and creativity to solve problems, rather than trial-and-error learning like in operant conditioning.

Question 13

Perry works at a job where he is paid by commission.For every car Perry sells,he gets 10% of the profits.Perry is being reinforced on a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Perry works at a job where he...

Question 14

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to the learning that has taken place but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior. This type of learning was first studied by Edward Tolman through his experiments with rats. Tolman found that rats who were not reinforced for navigating through a maze still showed evidence of learning by demonstrating improved performance when they were eventually reinforced. This suggests that learning had taken place but was not immediately evident in their behavior.

Question 15

In a study on learning,the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals.She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning.She is studying ___________ .

Accepted Answer

The psychologist is studying the inner processes of learning, which falls under the realm of cognitive learning. Neurophysiological learning would focus more on the biological processes involved in learning, while primary and secondary learning refer to different types of learned behavior.

Question 16

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge, understanding, or ability through mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and perception. This type of learning cannot be observed directly, but its effects can be seen in behavior and performance. Autonomic learning refers to involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli such as reflexes, while primary and secondary learning are not commonly used terms in psychology.

Question 17

Though Jenny tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair,she simply could not reach.Suddenly she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair,she would be high enough to reach the puzzle.Jenny's solution is best explained by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Jenny's sudden realization of using the catalog to reach the puzzle is an example of insight, which refers to the sudden understanding of a problem that leads to a solution without any prior association or reinforcement.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Learning is a process that cannot be directly observed or measured. Therefore, researchers often infer learning based on changes in performance or behavior. Option A is incorrect because while learning may result in changes in behavior, these changes may not be immediate and can sometimes take time to manifest. Option C is incorrect because the results of learning can affect behavior in a delayed manner.

Question 19

Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning theories focus on unobservable mental processes, such as attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving, to explain how learning occurs. These processes involve the individual's active engagement with the environment to make sense of new information and create meaning.

Question 20

The mental storing of an entire image of an area,such as a maze or floor plan of a building is called______.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of a spatial layout, which includes visual and spatial information. It allows us to navigate through an environment and remember the location of objects or landmarks. This type of memory is important for animals and humans to find food, shelter, and safety.

Quiz 4: Learning