Question 1

Turkheimer and colleagues' study of IQ showed that
A)heritability for IQ is high.
B)heritability depends upon the environment.
C)achievement is highly heritable regardless of environment.
D)linkage analysis is a sound research method.

Accepted Answer

Turkheimer and colleagues found that the heritability of IQ varied depending on environmental factors, indicating that genetic and environmental factors both play a role in determining intelligence.

Question 2

Second messengers play an important role in
A)moderating agonists.
B)moderating antagonists.
C)helping neurons adjust receptor sensitivity.
D)adjusting sensitivity of the thalamus.

Accepted Answer

Second messengers are involved in a variety of signaling pathways within cells, including those involved in receptor sensitivity. They can help to adjust the responsiveness of neurons to different chemical signals. Thus, choice C is the most appropriate answer. The other choices (moderating agonists, moderating antagonists, adjusting sensitivity of the thalamus) do not accurately describe the role of second messengers in signaling pathways.

Question 3

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that
A)allow nerve impulses to reach the next neuron.
B)repair neurons.
C)let neurons adjust their sensitivity to new inputs.
D)adjust the speed of neural transmissions.

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry signals (nerve impulses) across the synapse (gap) from one neuron (nerve cell) to another. They allow nerve impulses to reach the next neuron and continue the transmission of signals through the nervous system.

Question 4

According to the neuroscience paradigm,mental disorders are likely the result of
A)an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
B)excesses of different neurotransmitters,such as dopamine.
C)deficiencies in different neurotransmitters,such as serotonin.
D)all of the above.

Accepted Answer

The neuroscience paradigm suggests that mental disorders can be the result of various neurochemical imbalances, including an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, excesses of neurotransmitters like dopamine, and deficiencies in neurotransmitters such as serotonin.

Question 5

A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called
A)an allele.
B)a genotype.
C)a phenotype.
D)a polymorphism.

Accepted Answer

A polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population, which may have little or no effect on the phenotype. An allele refers to different versions of a specific gene, while a genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual. A phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual. Therefore, the best choice is D) a polymorphism.

Question 6

Neurotransmitters are pumped back into the presynaptic cell by
A)reintroduction.
B)reuptake.
C)reinstitution.
D)recall.

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are recycled and pumped back into the presynaptic cell by reuptake, which involves the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron after they have been released into the synaptic cleft. This process allows the neuron to regulate neurotransmitter levels and prepare for subsequent signaling events. The other options given (A, C, and D) are not accurate descriptions of this process.

Question 7

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the
A)neurotransmitter.
B)axon.
C)ganglion.
D)synapse.

Accepted Answer

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the synapse. It is the junction where a neuron communicates with another cell such as another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell. The synapse is where the neurotransmitters are released by one neuron and are received by the receptors of the other cell.

Question 8

The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers provided support for the idea that
A)environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology.
B)adoption studies are a useful method for understanding genetic markers.
C)environments do not play as important a role as genetics.
D)LG-ABN behaviors in mothers are not related to the expression of certain genes in pups.

Accepted Answer

The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers supports the idea that environments influence the expression of genes related to psychopathology. This is because the behavior of the mothers (environmental factor) is related to the expression of certain genes in their offspring (genetic factor). Therefore, this study suggests that both genetics and environments play a role in the development of psychopathology. Option B is not the best choice, as the study did not use adoption as a method for understanding genetic markers. Option C is not the best choice, as the study supports the idea that environments do play a role in the expression of certain genes. Option D is not the best choice, as the study suggests that LG-ABN behaviors in mothers are related to the expression of certain genes in pups.

Question 9

Adoption studies are ideal studies for investigating
A)polymorphism.
B)gene-environment interactions.
C)genotypes.
D)alleles.

Accepted Answer

Adoption studies are commonly used to investigate gene-environment interactions because they allow researchers to separate the effects of genetics and environment by comparing the outcomes of adopted individuals to those of their biological and adoptive families. By examining the similarities and differences in traits and behaviors between these groups, researchers can determine the extent to which genetics and environment interact to influence certain traits.

Question 10

Transcription factors recognize
A)promoters.
B)responders.
C)influencers.
D)recorders.

Accepted Answer

Transcription factors are proteins that bind specifically to DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and regulate the transcription of those genes into RNA. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Question 11

A major current challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm is to show the mechanism by which
A)genes for pathology remain after many generations.
B)genes and environments influence each other.
C)genes exert effects on highly complex behaviors.
D)drugs are able to effect genetic predispositions.

Accepted Answer

The interaction between genes and environments is a major challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm. While genes can predispose individuals to certain behaviors or conditions, environmental factors can also play a significant role in the expression of those genes. Researchers are still working to understand the complex interplay between genes and environments, and how they can influence each other over time.

Question 12

Different forms of the same gene are called
A)alleles.
B)polymorphisms.
C)chromosomes.
D)genotypes.

Accepted Answer

Different forms of the same gene are called alleles. For example, the gene that determines eye color has multiple alleles such as brown, blue, green, etc.

Question 13

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT mentioned in the text as being implicated in psychopathology?
A)GABA
B)Dopamine
C)Serotonin
D)All of the above are mentioned

Accepted Answer

All of the neurotransmitters listed (GABA, Dopamine, Serotonin) are mentioned as being implicated in psychopathology, indicating that they all have some link to mental health disorders according to the text.

Question 14

In genetics,SNPS refers to
A)single neurogenic proteins.
B)single nucleotide polymorphisms.
C)soluble nucleotide proteins.
D)soluble neurokinetic polymorphisms.

Accepted Answer

SNPs refer to single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are variations in a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome that can vary between individuals. These variations can have implications for gene expression, disease susceptibility, and other factors related to genetics. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of SNPs.

Question 15

"De novo" mutations are:
A)spontaneous
B)rapidly progressing
C)slow developing
D)systematic

Accepted Answer

De novo mutations are spontaneous genetic changes that occur during gamete formation or early embryonic development and are not inherited from either parent.

Question 16

Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity that has resulted in frequent trouble with the law.As a result of time spent in jail,Nick has developed alcohol dependence.This is an example of
A)linkage analysis.
B)epigenetics.
C)gene-environment interaction.
D)reciprocal gene-environment interaction.

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies a reciprocal gene-environment interaction, where an individual's genetic predisposition (for aggression and impulsivity) influences their environment (leading to legal troubles and jail time), which in turn affects the individual (developing alcohol dependence). This cycle highlights how genes and environment can influence each other reciprocally.

Question 17

The neuroscience paradigm
A)suggests that genes are responsible for most types of psychopathology.
B)suggests that dopamine is linked to most types of psychopathology.
C)asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.
D)asserts that mental disorders are linked to environmental disturbances.

Accepted Answer

The neuroscience paradigm emphasizes that mental disorders are associated with abnormal processes in the brain. It examines neurochemical imbalances, brain structures, and networks to understand the neural mechanisms that contribute to psychopathology. This approach highlights the importance of studying the brain to understand the origins of mental health conditions. It does not suggest that genes or dopamine are solely responsible for most types of psychopathology, nor does it imply that environmental disturbances are always the cause of mental disorders.

Question 18

"Knockout studies"
A)are used to learn about mating behaviors in mice.
B)are used to gain a better understanding of DNA sequences.
C)manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by "removing" certain genes from mice DNA.
D)manipulate specific genes by inserting artificial hormones into mice DNA.

Accepted Answer

Knockout studies manipulate specific genes by "removing" them from DNA in mice in order to observe the effects on behavior. It is used to understand the function of genes and their impact on various aspects of development, physiology, and behavior in mice. Mating behaviors of mice may be studied using other methods, and artificial hormones are not typically used in knockout studies. While sequencing of DNA may be involved in generating knockout mice, it is not the primary focus.

Question 19

A reciprocal gene-environment interaction
A)involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.
B)involves how adopted children take on the characteristics of their adopted parents.
C)is a useful research method in adoption studies.
D)suggests that individuals who spend a lot of time in bars are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who do not frequent bars.

Accepted Answer

A reciprocal gene-environment interaction occurs when an individual's genetic predisposition influences their choice of environment, and the environment, in turn, can affect the expression of those genes. Option B refers to genetic heredity rather than gene-environment interaction. Option C refers to a research method, while the question asks about a specific phenomenon. Option D refers to correlation rather than gene-environment interaction.

Question 20

A CNV is an abnormal copy of one or more sections of DNS.They occur due to all of the following EXCEPT:
A)addition of copies
B)deletion of copies
C)mutation of copies
D)multiplication of copies

Accepted Answer

The answer of A CNV is an abnormal copy of...

Quiz 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology

Turkheimer and colleagues' study of IQ showed that

Second messengers play an important role in

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that

According to the neuroscience paradigm,mental disorders are likely the result of

A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called

Neurotransmitters are pumped back into the presynaptic cell by

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the

The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers provided support for the idea that

Adoption studies are ideal studies for investigating

Transcription factors recognize

A major current challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm is to show the mechanism by which

Different forms of the same gene are called

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT mentioned in the text as being implicated in psychopathology?

In genetics,SNPS refers to

"De novo" mutations are:

Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity that has resulted in frequent trouble with the law.As a result of time spent in jail,Nick has developed alcohol dependence.This is an example of

The neuroscience paradigm

"Knockout studies"

A reciprocal gene-environment interaction

A CNV is an abnormal copy of one or more sections of DNS.They occur due to all of the following EXCEPT: