Question 1

Derek is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck.Later,he is shown several pictures of different toys,including the duck,and is asked to choose the one that he handled earlier.If he chooses the duck picture,this action suggests that he is capable of

Accepted Answer

Derek's ability to recognize the rubber duck through a different sensory mode (visual) demonstrates cross-modal transfer. This ability indicates that he is able to integrate information from different sensory modalities, which is an important aspect of perceptual development. The other options (polymodal attention, habituation, novelty avoidance) do not accurately describe the cognitive process involved in Derek's task.

Question 2

When a baby is first habituated to seeing an event as it would normally happen and then sees it in a way that conflicts with his/her beliefs,it is known as

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as violation of expectations or violation of expectancy. It occurs when a baby is familiarized with a normal occurrence and then sees something that does not match their expectations, which can lead to increased attention and interest in the event. This is often used in studies to test infant cognition and perception.

Question 3

The research method that is based on an infant's tendency to look longer at surprising phenomena rather than at familiar phenomena is known as

Accepted Answer

This research method is commonly known as the violation of expectations. It measures an infant's ability to detect surprising or unexpected events, which suggests their level of understanding of the physical world. The method involves presenting infants with two scenarios - one that follows the laws of physics and another that violates them. Infants tend to look longer at the latter scenario, indicating their recognition that something unexpected has occurred. This method has been used to study various aspects of infants' cognition, including object permanence, numerical reasoning, and social understanding.

Question 4

Leo cries loudly every time his mother leaves the room.He seems to believe that she is never coming back.Leo has not yet developed

Accepted Answer

Leo's belief that his mother is never coming back suggests that he has not developed object permanence, which is the understanding that objects (or people) continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Question 5

Baillargeon's studies of babies' understanding of physical phenomena suggest that

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's studies suggest that infants have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world, such as the ability to understand basic principles of physics even before they have the ability to physically manipulate objects themselves.

Question 6

An 8- to 12-month-old infant searches for a hidden object in a place where she previously found it rather than in the place where she most recently saw someone hide it.This is an example of what Piaget referred to as

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the A-not-B error, which is when an infant continues to look for an object in its original hiding place (A) even after seeing it being hidden in a new place (B). This occurs due to the infant's inability to overcome their motor memory of finding the object in the original place. This is not related to sensorimotor thought or the development of object permanence, as the infant has already developed these abilities by 8-12 months of age.

Question 7

Piaget's theory

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory has been modified over the years, but it remains widely accepted and continues to influence research in developmental psychology. While there are some criticisms of his views, his work has had a lasting impact on the field.

Question 8

Research on early visual preferences demonstrates that very young infants

Accepted Answer

Research on early visual preferences shows that infants tend to pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones, indicating a preference for novelty that helps stimulate learning and cognitive development.

Question 9

A baby who experiences 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response.When a new low-pitched tone is presented,the baby stops sucking.This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called

Accepted Answer

Dishabituation refers to the return of a habituated response to a stimulus after a new stimulus is presented. In this scenario, the baby had habituated to the high-pitched tone but stopped sucking when a new, low-pitched tone was presented, indicating dishabituation. Disinhibition refers to the release of an inhibitory control, nonadaptation means the lack of response or change adaptation and a conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 10

Which is true of the visual expectation paradigm?

Accepted Answer

The visual expectation paradigm measures visual reaction time, visual anticipation, and attentiveness and processing speed, making all of the options correct.

Question 11

Research on object permanence suggests that

Accepted Answer

Research on object permanence has shown that infants can remember objects that are out of sight as early as 4 months old, indicating an early understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

Question 12

Doris noticed that her infant son Alex had become bored with the mobile hanging above his crib.When Doris hung new pictures on the mobile,Alex's responsiveness increased.Alex's behavior is an example of

Accepted Answer

Alex's increased responsiveness after new pictures were added to the mobile indicates that he had become habituated to the previous pictures. When new and unexpected stimuli were presented, he experienced dishabituation and became responsive again.

Question 13

Research with babies less than 2 days old suggests that they seem to prefer all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that babies less than 2 days old show preferences for curved lines, complex patterns, and three-dimensional objects. However, there is no evidence to suggest that they have a preference for familiar sights at such an early age, as their visual system and cognitive abilities are still developing, limiting their ability to recognize and prefer familiar sights.

Question 14

Baby Stephanie stops sucking her thumb to listen to a tone.She resumes sucking and stops again when the tone sounds again.Later,after the tone has been repeated a number of times,she ignores it.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of habituation, which is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Baby Stephanie initially responds to the tone by stopping sucking her thumb, but over time, as the tone is repeated, she becomes used to it and no longer stops, indicating she has habituated to the stimulus.

Question 15

Researchers study habituation in infants by

Accepted Answer

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus. Therefore, the best way to study habituation in infants is by repeatedly presenting the same stimulus to see if an infant loses interest in it. This allows researchers to study how infants learn and adapt to their environment over time.

Question 16

The capacity for joint attention develops by about _____ months.

Accepted Answer

Joint attention typically begins to develop around 9 to 14 months of age, making 12 months the closest and most accurate choice.

Question 17

The length of time spent looking at a new stimulus compared with the length of time looking at familiar stimuli is called

Accepted Answer

The length of time spent looking at a new stimulus compared to a familiar stimulus is a measure of visual preference. Habituation refers to the decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, visual-recognition is the ability to recognize an object or feature based on visual cues, and attention recovery refers to the ability to shift attention back to a task after a distraction.

Question 18

In studies in the United States and Africa's Ivory Coast,DeLoache and colleagues observed infants using their hands to explore pictures.What is true about their observations?

Accepted Answer

DeLoache and colleagues observed that infants in both the US and Africa's Ivory Coast explored pictures as though they were objects, patting, rubbing, and grasping them in an attempt to lift the depicted object off the page. They also found that manual exploration of pictures diminished by 15 months of age, suggesting that infants were developing a symbolic understanding of pictures. Therefore, all of the given options are true.

Question 19

Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The options listed are all commonly considered in studies of infant information processing. However, language development is not directly related to measuring how infants process information, but rather the result of the process. Therefore, D is the best choice.

Question 20

Virginia has noticed that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall.A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is evidence of

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, which includes a gradual loss of interest in a particular picture. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a picture) with a meaningful stimulus (such as food) to elicit a reflexive response. Operant conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment. Cognitive regression is not a recognized psychological process.

Quiz 7: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years